Kapangidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a makina opopera kutentha kwa dziko lapansi
Pompu yotentha ya geothermal (GSHP) ndi ukadaulo wotenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa nyumba womwe umagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kokhazikika kwa nthaka ngati gwero la kutentha kapena sinki. M'madera ambiri, kutentha kwa nthaka pa kuya kwina kumakhalabe kofanana chaka chonse poyerekeza ndi mpweya wakunja. Izi zimathandiza kuti mapampu otentha a geothermal agwire ntchito bwino kuposa machitidwe a HVAC achikhalidwe, makamaka m'nyengo zomwe zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa nyengo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo zogwirira ntchito, njira zopangira, zinthu zogwirira ntchito bwino, ndi zinthu zothandiza kuti zitsimikizire kuti dongosololi limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera komanso modalirika.
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya pampu yotentha ya geothermal
Kwenikweni, pampu yotenthetsera ndi "chosamutsira kutentha," osati "wopanga." Dongosololi limasamutsa kutentha kuchokera ku gwero lotentha pang'ono kupita ku gwero lotentha kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito compressor ndi refrigerant. Mu njira yotenthetsera, kutentha kumatengedwa kuchokera pansi (kudzera mu madzi ozungulira mu kuzungulira kwa nthaka), kenako kutentha kwake kumakwezedwa ndikugawidwa mnyumba yonse. Mu njira yoziziritsira, kusamutsa kutentha kumasinthidwa: kutentha kuchokera mkati kumachotsedwa ndikutayidwa pansi.
Maziko a mphamvu ya GSHP ali pa kutentha kwa nthaka kokhazikika. Pamene kutentha kwa mpweya wakunja kuli kozizira kwambiri, dongosolo la mpweya (gwero la mpweya) liyenera kutulutsa kutentha kuchokera mu mpweya wozizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti compressor igwire ntchito molimbika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, nthaka yomwe ili pansi pa kuya kwa mamita angapo imakhalabe yotentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kwa compressor kuchepe, zomwe zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi.
Kapangidwe ka kapangidwe ka dongosolo: kuzungulira pansi
Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakupanga GSHP ndi chosinthira kutentha chomwe chimachokera pansi, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala chitoliro cha polyethylene (HDPE) chomwe chimapanga dera lotsekedwa kapena dongosolo lotseguka. Kusankha kasinthidwe kumakhudzidwa ndi malo a nthaka, momwe nthaka ilili, kupezeka kwa madzi apansi panthaka, komanso mphamvu yotenthetsera ndi kuziziritsira yomwe ikufunika.
1) Dongosolo lozungulira lotsekedwa
a. Chizunguliro chopingasa
Mapaipi amakwiriridwa mopingasa mpaka kufika pa mamita 1–2 (kutengera nyengo ndi malamulo). Ubwino wake ndi monga kutsika kwa ndalama zobowolera, kuyenerera madera akuluakulu, komanso kusavutikira kugwiritsa ntchito. Zoyipa zake ndi monga kufunika kwa madera akuluakulu komanso kukhudzidwa kwakukulu pa ntchito chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa nyengo pa kutentha kwa nthaka pamwamba. Dothi louma kapena la miyala lingathandize kuchepetsa kutentha/kunyowa.
b. Chizunguliro choyima
Chitolirocho chimayikidwa mu dzenje loyima (monga mamita makumi mpaka mazana), nthawi zambiri chimakhala ngati U-bend. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri m'malo ochepa m'mizinda ndipo zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kwa nthaka kukhale kokhazikika. Vuto lake ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyambira chifukwa cha kufunika koboola ndi kuyika ma grout (kudzaza ndi zinthu zoyendetsera kuti zitsimikizire kuti kutentha kwa nthaka/miyala kukugwirizana bwino). Komabe, magwiridwe antchito nthawi zambiri amakhala ofanana ndipo malo otsetsereka ndi ochepa.
c. Chizunguliro cha dziwe/nyanja
Ngati dziwe kapena nyanja yozama mokwanira ilipo, cholumikizira cha paipi chingamizidwa. Mtengo wake ukhoza kukhala wotsika kuposa kuboola, ndipo kusamutsa kutentha kwabwino kwa madzi kumathandizira kuti ntchito iyende bwino. Zoletsa zake ndi monga kufunika kwa madzi okwanira, zilolezo zachilengedwe, komanso chitetezo ku kuwonongeka kwa makina kapena kusintha kwa khalidwe la madzi.
2) Dongosolo lotseguka la kuzungulira
Dongosololi limapompa madzi apansi panthaka kapena pamwamba pa nthaka, limachotsa/kuwonjezera kutentha kudzera mu chosinthira kutentha, kenako limatulutsa madziwo m'chitsime chodzaza madzi kapena m'madzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kumatha kukhala kwakukulu chifukwa cha kusinthana kutentha mwachindunji ndi madzi, koma kapangidwe kake ndi kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha zofunikira zololeza, kukula/kudzikundikira komwe kungachitike, zoopsa zodetsa, komanso kupezeka kwa madzi oyenda bwino. Si malo onse omwe ali oyenera njira iyi.
Zigawo zazikulu ndi zisankho za kapangidwe
Kuwonjezera pa kuzungulira kwa nthaka, GSHP ili ndi chipangizo chopopera kutentha (compressor, evaporator-condenser, expansion valve), pampu yozungulira madzi ya kuzungulira kwa nthaka, makina ogawa mkati, ndi zowongolera.
1. Madzi ozungulira pansi
Madzi ndi mankhwala oletsa kuzizira (propylene glycol kapena ethanol) nthawi zambiri zimasakanizidwa m'malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kuzizira. Kusankha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala oletsa kuzizira kumakhudza kukhuthala, mphamvu ya pampu, komanso mphamvu yosamutsira kutentha.
2. Pampu yoyendera ndi kapangidwe ka hydraulic
Kapangidwe ka mapaipi ndi manifold ndi komwe kumathandizira kutayika kwa mutu. Ngati mapaipi ndi ochepa kwambiri kapena njira yolumikizirana yasokonekera, mphamvu ya pampu idzakhala yokwera, zomwe zimachepetsa magwiridwe antchito onse a dongosolo. Chifukwa chake, opanga mapulani ayenera kulinganiza mtengo wa mapaipi ndi momwe pampu imagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu pa moyo wake wonse.
3. Dongosolo logawa kutentha/kuzizira mnyumbamo
Ma GSHP amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'makina otentha pang'ono a madzi, monga pansi powala kapena ma fan coil okhala ndi kutentha pang'ono. Pa kutentha kwa madzi otentha kwambiri (monga ma radiator akale), ma heat pump amatha kugwira ntchito kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimatsitsa COP. Kusintha kapangidwe ka kugawa nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti musunge mphamvu.
4. Kulamulira magwiridwe antchito ndi njira
Kuwongolera bwino kumaletsa kuyenda kwa nthawi yochepa (kumayatsidwa pafupipafupi) ndipo kumakonza bwino njira yokhazikika. Ma thermostat okhala ndi magawo ambiri, matanki osungira (a makina a hydronic), ndi zosintha zosinthasintha za liwiro pa ma compressor kapena mapampu zimatha kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi chitonthozo.
Kumvetsetsa magwiridwe antchito: COP, EER, ndi SPF
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa pampu yotenthetsera nthawi zambiri kumafotokozedwa motere:
– COP (Coefficient of Performance) ya kutentha: chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya kutentha yopangidwa ndi magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito. COP ya 4 imatanthauza kuti kWh imodzi iliyonse yamagetsi imapanga 4 kWh ya kutentha.
– EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) ya njira yoziziritsira.
– SPF/SCOP (Seasonal Performance Factor): kugwira ntchito bwino kwa nyengo komwe kumaganizira kusinthasintha kwa katundu, kutentha, ndi ntchito yeniyeni. Chizindikiro ichi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri kuposa COP ya labotale.
Mu GSHP, COP nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwera chifukwa kutentha kwa gwero (nthaka) kumakhala kokhazikika. Komabe, zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amakumana nazo zimadalira kwambiri kapangidwe ka lupu, mtundu wa kukhazikitsa, komanso kugwirizana ndi katundu womangidwa.
Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakuchita bwino
1. Kutentha kwa nthaka ndi nthaka
Kuyenda kwa kutentha kwa nthaka/thanthwe, chinyezi, ndi kupezeka kwa madzi apansi panthaka zimakhudza kwambiri kusamutsa kutentha. Nthaka yonyowa nthawi zambiri imakhala yabwino kuposa nthaka youma. Mapangidwe ena a miyala amatha kukhala oyenda bwino kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza mapangidwe oyima.
2. Kukula koyenera kwa lupu yozungulira nthaka (kukula)
Chizunguliro chomwe chili chaching'ono kwambiri chingayambitse kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa madzi, kuchepa kwa COP, komanso chiopsezo chakuti dongosololi lisafikire mphamvu yayikulu. Chizunguliro chomwe chili chachikulu kwambiri chimawonjezera ndalama zoyambira. Kukula kuyenera kutengera kuwerengera kwa katundu ndi mphamvu pachaka, osati kuyerekezera kokhazikika.
3. Kufananiza mphamvu ya mayunitsi ndi katundu womangira
Zipangizo zazikulu kwambiri nthawi zambiri sizigwira ntchito nthawi zonse, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi komanso zimawononga mofulumira. Zipangizo zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito pa katundu wambiri kapena zimafuna kutentha kowonjezera, zomwe zimawonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
4. Mphamvu ya pampu yozungulira (mphamvu ya parasitic)
Kawirikawiri sizimaganiziridwa, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kwa mapampu amadzimadzi ndi ma blowers kungachepetse magwiridwe antchito a dongosolo lonse. Kapangidwe kabwino ka hydraulic, mapaipi oyenera, ndi mapampu ogwira ntchito bwino ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusunga SPF.
5. Ubwino wa kukhazikitsa ndi kuyika grouting (kwa woyimirira)
Kulumikizana bwino kwa kutentha pakati pa chitoliro ndi nthaka ndikofunikira. Grout yoyendetsa magetsi imachepetsa kukana kutentha. Kukhazikitsa kolakwika, kutuluka kwa madzi, kapena kulumikizana koyipa kudzasokoneza magwiridwe antchito ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kulephera.
6. Kuphatikiza ndi makina amadzi otentha apakhomo (DHW)
Ma GSHP ena amatha kutentha madzi apakhomo pogwiritsa ntchito chotenthetsera kapena njira yapadera. Izi zimathandiza kuti mphamvu zigwiritsidwe ntchito bwino, makamaka pamene makina oziziritsira amawononga kutentha komwe "kungakololedwa" kuti madzi otentha agwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kuganizira zachuma ndi kukhazikika
Mtengo woyamba wa GSHP nthawi zambiri umakhala wokwera kuposa wa AC kapena boiler wamba chifukwa cha ntchito yobowola nthaka/kukumba. Komabe, ndalama zogwirira ntchito zimatha kukhala zotsika komanso zokhazikika. Kusanthula bwino kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito magetsi kumaganizira izi:
- mitengo yamagetsi ndi mafuta ena,
- maola ogwirira ntchito pachaka (mbiri yonyamula katundu),
- zolimbikitsa msonkho kapena ma credits (ngati zilipo),
- ndalama zokonzera ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zida,
- ubwino wa chitonthozo ndi kuchepetsa utsi woipa.
Pazachilengedwe, ma GSHP amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri mpweya woipa, makamaka ngati magetsi akuchokera ku magwero opanda mpweya wambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe kuyaka komwe kumachitika pamalopo, zomwe zimachepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya m'deralo komanso zoopsa zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mpweya.
Njira zabwino zopangira mapulani
Kuti dongosololi likhale lothandiza, njira zina zomwe anthu ambiri amalangiza ndi izi:
1. kuchita kafukufuku wa mphamvu ya nyumba ndikuwongolera envelopu ya nyumba (kuteteza kutentha, kutuluka kwa mpweya) musanadziwe kuchuluka kwa mphamvu,
2. Gwiritsani ntchito kuwerengera koyenera kwa katundu wotenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa, osati malo okha omangira nyumba,
3. Sankhani kasinthidwe ka kuzungulira malinga ndi malo ndi geology, ndipo chitani mayeso oyankha kutentha (pa mapulojekiti akuluakulu),
4. khazikitsani patsogolo kugawa kutentha kotsika (pansi lowala/lozungulira loyenera),
5. konzani bwino ma hydraulic kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya pampu,
6. Gwiritsani ntchito zowongolera zomwe zimaletsa kuyenda kwa nthawi yochepa komanso zimathandiza magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana.
Kutseka
Kapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa makina opopera kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kuyenerera kwa zinthu zitatu: mawonekedwe a nthaka, zofunikira pa katundu wa nyumba, ndi mtundu wa kuzungulira ndi kapangidwe ka kugawa mkati mwa nyumbayo. Zikapangidwa bwino, ma GSHP amapereka magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, chitonthozo chokhazikika, komanso kuthekera kosunga ndalama zamagetsi kwa nthawi yayitali. Pakati pa kufunika kochepetsa mpweya woipa komanso magetsi otenthetsera, mapampu opopera kutentha kwa dziko lapansi akukhala imodzi mwa njira zokopa kwambiri pa nyumba zamakono—kaya zokhalamo, zamalonda, kapena mabungwe—bola ngati mapangidwe awo ndi olimba komanso ogwirizana ndi deta.
