Pelton Turbine: Chisankho Chabwino Kwambiri cha Mphamvu Yochokera Kumadzi Othamanga Kwambiri
Pakati pa kufunikira kwa mphamvu komwe kukuchulukirachulukira, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zongowonjezwdwanso ndi imodzi mwa njira zoyenera kwambiri. Mwa njira zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi oyera, malo opangira magetsi (PLTA) akadali ofunikira chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito bwino, kukhazikika, komanso kudalirika kwawo. Komabe, si malo onse omwe ali ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu yokhala ndi madzi ambiri. Madera ambiri ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana: madzi ochepa koma mitu yayitali - mwachitsanzo, m'madera amapiri. Pansi pa mikhalidwe iyi, Pelton Turbine imawoneka ngati yankho lothandiza kwambiri. Turbine iyi idapangidwa makamaka kuti isinthe mphamvu yomwe ingakhalepo ya madzi amphamvu kwambiri kukhala mphamvu yamakina kenako kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.
Kumvetsetsa Ma Turbine a Pelton ndi Mfundo Zawo Zogwirira Ntchito
Turbine ya Pelton ndi mtundu wa turbine yamadzi yothamanga. Mosiyana ndi ma turbine a reaction, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa kuthamanga mkati mwa runner, ma turbine a impulse amagwira ntchito makamaka pakusintha kwa mphamvu ya jet yamadzi. Madzi ochokera ku penstock amathamanga kudzera mu nozzle, ndikutuluka ngati jet yothamanga kwambiri. Jet iyi kenako imagunda masamba ooneka ngati chidebe chawiri omwe amamangiriridwa ku gudumu la turbine (runner).
Mawonekedwe a chidebe cha Pelton ndi osiyana kwambiri: chimafanana ndi "mbale" ziwiri zolekanitsidwa ndi mtunda wapakati (splitter). Pamene madzi akugunda chogawanika, madziwo amagawikana pakati ndipo amatembenuka pafupifupi madigiri 180. Kupatuka kumeneku kumapanga mphamvu yayikulu yosinthira, kuzungulira wothamanga ndi mphamvu yayikulu. Pambuyo pogunda chidebecho, madzi amatulutsidwa mumlengalenga (mpweya), kotero njira yosinthira mphamvu imachitika makamaka mu jet isanakhudze wothamanga.
Mwachidule, magawo a ntchito ndi awa:
1. Madzi othamanga kwambiri amayenda kudzera mu penstock.
2. Nozzle imasintha mphamvu kukhala liwiro, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wothamanga kwambiri.
3. Jeti imagunda chidebecho ndipo imasintha mphamvu ya madzi kukhala yozungulira.
4. Kuzungulira kwa wothamanga kumazungulira shaft yolumikizidwa ndi jenereta.
5. Jenereta imapanga magetsi.
Nchifukwa chiyani Pelton Amagwira Ntchito Yabwino Kwambiri?
Ma turbine a Pelton amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri m'makina omwe ali ndi:
– Mutu wautali (nthawi zambiri mamita mazana ambiri, ngakhale kupitirira apo), ndi
- Kutulutsa madzi pang'ono mpaka pang'ono.
Chifukwa chachikulu chili mu momwe Pelton amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Pamwamba pa mutu, kuthamanga kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu. Kudzera mu nozzle, kuthamanga kumeneku kumasanduka ndege yothamanga kwambiri yomwe imatha kupanga mphamvu yamphamvu mu chidebe. Ngakhale ikatulutsa pang'ono, mphamvu yomwe ndegeyo imanyamula imakhalabe yofunikira, chifukwa imadalira kutalika kwa dontho ndi liwiro la madzi.
Makhalidwe amenewa amapangitsa Pelton kukhala yoyenera kwambiri pa:
– Mphamvu yamadzi ya m’mapiri,
- Microhydro m'madera amapiri,
- Dongosolo la madzi othamanga kwambiri ochokera m'madamu kapena m'madamu okhala ndi madzi okwera kwambiri.
Zigawo Zazikulu za Pelton Turbine
Kuti Pelton Turbine igwire bwino ntchito, ili ndi magawo angapo ofunikira:
1. Nozzle ndi valavu ya mkondo (singano yowongolera)
Nozzle imagwira ntchito popanga jet yothamanga kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi valavu yoyendetsera madzi popanda kusintha mutu kwambiri. Mwa kusuntha singano, dera lopingasa la jet limasintha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yotulutsa iwonjezere kapena ichepe.
2. Wothamanga ndi chidebe
Chothamanga ndi gudumu la turbine lomwe limanyamula zidebe zambiri mozungulira. Zidebe za Pelton zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zolimba (monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena zitsulo zapadera) chifukwa ziyenera kupirira kugwedezeka kwa ma jet othamanga kwambiri komanso zotsatira za kukokoloka kwa nthaka.
3. Chikwama
Chivundikiro cha turbine ya Pelton nthawi zambiri chimagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga ndi chotchinga madzi, osati ngati chipinda chopanikizika ngati turbine yochitira zinthu. Kapangidwe ka chivundikirocho kamathandiza kutsogolera madzi kunja bwino komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kutayika kwa mphamvu chifukwa cha kupopera madzi.
4. Makina oyendetsera mabuleki
Kuti ayimitse turbine mosamala, makina oyendetsera mabuleki kapena nozzle ya mabuleki imagwiritsidwa ntchito yomwe imawombera madzi mozungulira mbali ina.
5. Choyezera kuwala (pa mapangidwe ena)
Chopotoza chimathandiza kupotoza ndege panthawi ya kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa katundu, kuti kuzungulira kusadumphe kwambiri (mopitirira muyeso) asanayambe kuyika makina otulutsira magetsi.
Ubwino wa Pelton Turbine
Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe Pelton Turbines nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chisankho chabwino kwambiri cha kuyenda kwa madzi amphamvu kwambiri:
1. Kuchita bwino kwambiri pamitu ikuluikulu
Ma turbine a Pelton amatha kuchita bwino kwambiri chifukwa kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kupanikizika kukhala liwiro kumachitika bwino pa nozzle, kenako mphamvu ya kinetic imasamutsidwira ku wothamanga kudzera mu njira "yoyera" ya impulse.
2. Kugwira ntchito kokhazikika pansi pa kusintha kwa katundu
Mwa kusintha nozzle ndi valavu ya spear, Pelton amatha kusintha mphamvu yotulutsa malinga ndi zosowa za mphamvu yamagetsi. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pamakina omwe akugwiritsa ntchito zinthu mosinthasintha.
3. Kapangidwe kake ndi kosavuta komanso kosavuta kusamalira.
Chifukwa sagwira ntchito m'chikwama chopanikizika ndipo safuna chubu chowongolera ngati ma turbine ochitira zinthu, kupeza njira yowunikira ndi kukonza kumakhala kosavuta. Izi ndizothandiza pakukhazikitsa m'madera akutali.
4. Chiopsezo chochepa cha cavitation
Kutsegula kwa mpweya m'chidebe ndi vuto lalikulu m'ma turbine oyambitsa mpweya, makamaka m'malo omwe mpweya wake ndi wochepa. Mu ma turbine a Pelton, kupanikizika kozungulira chidebe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofanana ndi kupsinjika kwa mpweya, kotero chiopsezo cha kutsegula kwa mpweya m'chidebecho chimakhala chochepa.
5. Yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito microhydro
Mapulojekiti ambiri ang'onoang'ono amagwiritsa ntchito mitu yayitali m'ngalande zothirira m'mapiri kapena mapaipi ogawa madzi. Ma Pelton amatha kumangidwa pamlingo wocheperako koma akusunga mfundo zomwezo zogwirira ntchito.
Zoletsa Zoyenera Kuganizira
Ngakhale kuti turbine ya Pelton ndi yabwino kwambiri pazochitika zina, si nthawi zonse yomwe imakhala yabwino kwambiri. Zina mwa zofooka zake ndi izi:
- Sizoyenera kwambiri kwa anthu okhala ndi mitu yaifupi
Pakakhala mitu yotsika, jet yomwe imachokera siithamanga mokwanira kuti ipange mphamvu yayikulu. Pazifukwa izi, turbine ya Kaplan kapena Francis nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyenera.
- Yogwirizana ndi ubwino wa madzi
Madzi okhala ndi mchenga kapena tinthu tolimba angayambitse kukokoloka kwa nozzle ndi chidebe. Chifukwa chake, njira yosefera (chosefera, beseni lokhazikika) nthawi zambiri imafunika.
- Zofunikira pa zomangamanga zapamwamba
Kuti igwire bwino ntchito, Pelton imafuna chitoliro chothamanga chomwe chingathe kupirira kuthamanga kwambiri komanso dongosolo labwino la penstock. Izi zitha kuwonjezera mtengo woyambira wa polojekitiyi.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ma Turbine a Pelton Padziko Lonse
Ma turbine a Pelton amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale opanga magetsi m'madera amapiri ndi mapiri, kuphatikizapo mayiko omwe ali ndi malo otsetsereka. Kuwonjezera pa malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, ma turbine a Pelton ndi otchukanso pa:
– Mafakitale opanga magetsi a microhydro m'midzi yakutali,
- Njira zobwezeretsera mphamvu kuchokera ku madzi othamanga (monga m'malo ena opezera madzi akumwa),
- Majenereta osagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malo oyendera zachilengedwe, malo opumulirako kumapiri, kapena malo ofufuzira.
Nthawi zambiri, kuphatikiza kwa mutu wautali ndi kutulutsa madzi pang'ono kumapereka mwayi waukulu: mphamvu zimatha kupangidwa popanda kuwononga mitsinje ikuluikulu, ndipo zotsatira za chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zitha kulamulidwa bwino ngati zapangidwa bwino.
Kutseka
Turbine ya Pelton ndi ukadaulo wakale womwe umakhalabe wofunikira nthawi ya kusintha kwa mphamvu. Mfundo yake yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, pogwiritsa ntchito ma jet amadzi othamanga kwambiri, imapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri m'malo omwe madzi amathamanga kwambiri komanso okhala ndi mitu ikuluikulu. Ubwino wake—kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, kukonza kosavuta, komanso kulimba kwa ntchito—zimaipangitsa kukhala yoyenera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma sikelo, kuyambira micro-hydro mpaka zomera zazikulu.
Monga kuyesetsa kukulitsa mwayi wopeza mphamvu zoyera, makamaka m'madera amapiri ndi akutali, ma turbine a Pelton amapereka yankho lothandiza komanso lotsimikizika. Ndi kukonzekera bwino—kuphatikizapo kuwongolera dothi, kusankha zinthu zoyenera, komanso kapangidwe kotetezeka ka penstock—ma turbine awa amatha kukhala msana wa kupanga magetsi odalirika, osawononga ndalama, komanso osawononga chilengedwe.
