Zigawo Zazikulu za Jenereta ndi Momwe Imagwirira Ntchito mu Malo Opangira Mphamvu Zamagetsi
Chomera chamagetsi chamadzi (PLTA) chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi komanso mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka madzi popanga magetsi. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri mu dongosololi ndi jenereta, makina omwe amasintha mphamvu yamakina kuchokera ku kuzungulira kwa turbine kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi kudzera mu mfundo yoyambitsa magetsi. Kuti atsimikizire kusintha kwa mphamvu moyenera, jenereta yamagetsi yamadzi imapangidwa ndi zigawo zingapo zofunika zomwe zimagwira ntchito molumikizana. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za zigawozi ndikufotokoza momwe jenereta imagwirira ntchito potengera chomera chamagetsi chamadzi.
Chidule Chachidule cha Dongosolo Lamagetsi Ogwiritsa Ntchito Madzi
Musanafufuze gawo la jenereta, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe mphamvu imayendera mu fakitole yamagetsi yamadzi. Madzi ochokera ku dziwe amadutsa mu penstock kupita ku turbine. Kupanikizika ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi kumapangitsa kuti turbine izungulire. Kuzungulira kwa turbine kumatumizidwa ku shaft yolumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi jenereta. Kenako jenereta imapanga magetsi, omwe amawonjezeredwa mphamvu kudzera mu transformer ndikugawidwa ku netiweki yotumizira.
Cholinga chachikulu cha nkhaniyi ndi gawo la kusintha kwa mphamvu kuchokera ku makina kupita ku magetsi, makamaka mu jenereta.
Mfundo Zoyambira za Majenereta: Kuyambitsa Magetsi
Majenereta amagwira ntchito motsatira lamulo la Faraday, lomwe limati kusintha kwa maginito mu kondakitala kumapanga mphamvu yamagetsi (EMF). Mu jenereta, kusinthaku kwa maginito kumachitika chifukwa cha mayendedwe pakati pa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi ma coil a kondakitala. Pamene rotor ikuzungulira, mphamvu yamagetsi imazungulira poyerekeza ndi ma coil a stator, ndikupanga voltage kudutsa ma coil. Voltage iyi imapanga magetsi akalumikizidwa ku dongosolo la katundu kapena netiweki.
Mu malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, jenereta yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi jenereta yolumikizana ya magawo atatu chifukwa ndi yoyenera mphamvu yayikulu, yokhazikika komanso yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.
Zigawo Zazikulu za Majenereta mu Zomera Zamagetsi Zamadzi
1. Stator (Gawo Losasuntha)
Stator ndi gawo losazungulira la jenereta. Apa ndi pomwe magetsi oyambitsa magetsi amapangidwa. Stator imakhala ndi:
– Chimango cha stator: kapangidwe ka makina komwe kamathandizira zigawo zamkati.
– Stator core: yopangidwa ndi zitsulo za silicon kuti ichepetse kutayika kwa eddy current. Ma lamination ndi mapepala opyapyala omwe amaunikidwa kuti aswe njira ya eddy current.
– Kuzungulira kwa stator: koyilo ya waya woyendetsa (nthawi zambiri mkuwa) yomwe imayikidwa m'malo olowera pakati pa stator. Koyilo iyi nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kuti ipange mphamvu ya magawo atatu.
Stator imagwira ntchito ngati "malo" oti mphamvu zamagetsi zitulukire, chifukwa mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imayambitsa imawonekera mu coil yake.
2. Rotor (Gawo Lozungulira)
Rotor ndi gawo la jenereta lomwe limazungulira ndi turbine shaft. Mu jenereta yamagetsi yogwirizana, rotor imapanga mphamvu yayikulu ya maginito. Pali mitundu iwiri yodziwika bwino ya ma rotor:
– Chozungulira champhamvu cha pole: chofala m'mafakitale opanga magetsi chifukwa ma hydro turbine nthawi zambiri amazungulira pa liwiro lotsika. Mtundu uwu wa chozungulira uli ndi pole zamaginito zomwe zimatuluka, zoyenera pole zingapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma frequency ofunikira pa liwiro lotsika.
– Cylindrical rotor (yosaoneka bwino): imapezeka kwambiri m'majenereta otentha kwambiri, koma ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pazifukwa zina.
Rotor ilinso ndi chozungulira chamunda chomwe chimaperekedwa ndi DC current kuti ipange mphamvu ya maginito.
3. Dongosolo Losangalatsa
Kuti rotor ipange mphamvu ya maginito, jenereta imafuna njira yosonkhezera yomwe imapereka mphamvu ya DC ku ma rotor coils. Njira yosonkhezera ndiyofunikira chifukwa imatsimikizira:
- kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yotulutsa jenereta,
- kuthekera kwa jenereta kupereka kapena kuyamwa mphamvu yogwira ntchito (VAR),
- kukhazikika kwa ntchito pamene katundu akusintha.
Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya chisangalalo:
– Chotenthetsera chopanda burashi: chodalirika kwambiri, chosasamalidwa bwino, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale amakono opangira magetsi.
– Chokometsera ndi burashi (burashi/mphete yotsetsereka): n'chosavuta koma chimafuna kukonzedwa chifukwa zigawo zolumikizirana zimakanda.
Kuphatikiza apo, kusonkhezera nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa ndi AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) kuti magetsi azikhala olimba.
4. Shaft ndi Clutch
Shaft ndi mgwirizano wa makina pakati pa turbine ndi jenereta yozungulira. M'malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu amadzi, shaft iyenera kukhala ndi:
- mphamvu yayikulu yolimbana ndi kugwedezeka,
- kukana kugwedezeka,
- kulinganiza bwino bwino kuti mupewe kuwonongeka kwambiri.
Cholumikizira (ngati chikugwiritsidwa ntchito) chimathandiza kulumikiza turbine ndi jenereta, ndipo chimachepetsa zotsatira za kugwedezeka kapena kusakhazikika pang'ono.
5. Maberani
Liwiro lalikulu la rotor limafuna njira yoperekera zinthu kuti shaft ikhale yolimba komanso kuchepetsa kukangana. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya mabearing:
– Chowongolera: chimasunga malo a shaft molunjika ndipo sichisuntha kumbali.
– Chogwirira champhamvu: chimalimbana ndi mphamvu ya axial (kukanikiza) komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu ya madzi pa turbine ndi kulemera kwa rotor.
Makina oziziritsira mafuta (mafuta odzola) ndi makina oziziritsira nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa kuti apewe kutentha kwambiri.
6. Dongosolo Loziziritsira la Jenereta
Majenereta amagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi amagwira ntchito ndi mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha chifukwa cha kutayika kwa magetsi ndi makina. Kuti coil ikhale yoteteza kutentha komanso kuti ikhale yogwira ntchito bwino, kuziziritsa kumafunika, mwachitsanzo:
- kuziziritsa mpweya ndi fan yamkati,
- choziziritsira madzi mu chosinthira kutentha,
- pa mayunitsi ena, angagwiritse ntchito njira yoziziritsira yovuta kwambiri malinga ndi mphamvu yake.
Kuziziritsa bwino kumawonjezera moyo wa stator ndi rotor insulation.
7. Njira Yodzipatula ndi Yotetezera
Ma coil a stator ndi rotor ayenera kukhala ndi makina olimba otetezera kutentha omwe amatha kupirira ma voltage ambiri, kutentha, ndi chinyezi. Kuphatikiza apo, jenereta ili ndi njira zodzitetezera kuti zisawonongeke, monga:
- chitetezo cha mafunde afupiafupi ndi mafunde ochulukirapo,
- chitetezo cha kutentha chozungulira,
- chitetezo cha kugwedezeka,
- chitetezo cha vuto la nthaka,
- kutayika kwa chitetezo cha kusonkhezera.
Machitidwe amenewa nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi ma control panel ndi ma SCADA system.
8. Ma Terminal Otulutsa ndi Step-Up Transformer (Gawo Logwirizana)
Mphamvu ya jenereta nthawi zambiri imakhala pa voteji yapakati (monga 6–20 kV, kutengera kapangidwe kake). Kenako magetsi amaperekedwa ku transformer yokwera kuti iwonjezere mphamvu ya voteji yotumizira (monga 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, kapena kupitirira apo), kuti achepetse kutayika kwa mphamvu ya ma transmission.
Ngakhale kuti transformer si gawo lamkati mwa jenereta, ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la unyolo wogawa magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi.
Momwe Majenereta Amagwirira Ntchito M'mafakitale Amagetsi Ochokera Kumadzi: Kutsatana kwa Njira
1. Madzi opanikizika amazungulira turbine
Mphamvu ya madzi imasandulika mphamvu yamakina mu mawonekedwe a kuzungulira kwa turbine shaft.
2. Shaft ya turbine imazungulira rotor ya jenereta.
Rotor, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu ya maginito, imazungulira pa liwiro linalake. Liwiroli limayendetsedwa kuti ligwirizane ndi ma frequency a system (50 Hz ku Indonesia).
3. Mphamvu ya maginito ya rotor "imadula" ma stator coils
Pamene rotor ikuzungulira, mphamvu ya maginito imasintha poyerekeza ndi malo a stator coils. Apa ndi pomwe mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imayambitsa imawonekera mu stator windings.
4. Voltage ya magawo atatu imawonekera pa malo osungira magetsi.
Popeza coil ya stator imapangidwa ngati magawo atatu okhala ndi kusintha kwamagetsi kwa madigiri 120, kutulutsa kwa jenereta ndi njira yokhazikika ya magawo atatu ya AC yonyamula katundu wambiri.
5. AVR imayang'anira kusonkhezera kuti magetsi apitirizebe kugwira ntchito
Pamene katundu ukusinthasintha, AVR imasintha mphamvu ya rotor excitation kuti isunge mphamvu yotulutsa mkati mwa muyezo wa dongosolo.
6. Mphamvu yamagetsi imagawidwa ku transformer ndi netiweki
Mphamvu ya jenereta imalowa mu transformer yokwera, kenako imatumizidwa kudzera mu netiweki yotumizira ndi kugawa kwa ogula.
Kutseka
Jenereta yamagetsi yamadzi ndi chipangizo chofunikira chomwe chimasintha mphamvu yamakina kuchokera ku turbine kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi kudzera mu induction yamagetsi. Zigawo zake zazikulu zimaphatikizapo stator, rotor, system excitation, shaft, bearing, cooling, insulation, ndi zida zotetezera. Zigawo zonsezi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zipange magetsi okhazikika, ogwira ntchito bwino, komanso otetezeka a magawo atatu kuti atumizidwe ku gridi. Pomvetsetsa zigawo ndi momwe jenereta yamagetsi yamadzi imagwirira ntchito, titha kuwona kuti kugwira ntchito bwino kwa chomera chamagetsi chamadzi kumadalira osati kokha kupezeka kwa madzi komanso kudalirika kwa makina ovuta amagetsi mkati mwa jenereta.
