Mitundu ya Zipata ndi Ma Vavu Owongolera Kuyenda kwa Madzi mu Zipangizo Zamagetsi Zamagetsi
Malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi (PLTA) amagwira ntchito motsatira mfundo yosavuta koma amafunika kuwongolera molondola kwambiri: mphamvu yomwe madzi angagwiritse ntchito imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina mu turbine, kenako n’kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi kudzera mu jenereta. Kumbuyo kwa njirayi kuli njira yovuta yowongolera kuyenda kwa madzi kuti zitsimikizire kuti ntchito zake ndi zotetezeka, zokhazikika, zothandiza, komanso zosavuta kusamalira. Zigawo ziwiri zofunika kwambiri mu dongosololi ndi zipata ndi ma valavu. Zonsezi zimagwira ntchito yowongolera, kupatula, komanso kuteteza kuyenda kwa madzi m'malo osiyanasiyana—kuyambira pamalo olowera ndi ozungulira mpaka pamalo olumikizirana ndi turbine. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mitundu ya zipata ndi ma valavu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, pamodzi ndi ntchito ndi makhalidwe awo.
Udindo wa Zipata ndi Ma Vavu mu Zomera Zamagetsi Zamadzi
Kawirikawiri, zipata zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "zitseko" m'njira zazikulu kapena m'mabowo, makamaka pakuyenda kwa madzi ambiri komanso mavuto ena a m'mutu. Zipata zimapezeka kwambiri m'nyumba za anthu monga malo olowera madzi, njira zotayira madzi, ndi njira zotulutsira madzi. Pakadali pano, ma valve amapezeka kwambiri m'mapayipi opanikizika (monga penstocks, bypasses, drain, kapena makina ozizira) ndipo amapangidwira kuti athe kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu pamene akupereka mphamvu zabwino zowongolera kapena kudzipatula.
Ntchito zazikulu za zipata ndi ma valve m'mafakitale opangira magetsi ndi izi:
1. Kupatula madzi: kuletsa madzi kuyenda panthawi yowunikira, kukonza, kapena pa nthawi yadzidzidzi.
2. Kuwongolera kutulutsa madzi: kumawongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi opita ku turbine kapena dongosolo lothandizira.
3. Chitetezo cha zida: kuletsa nyundo yamadzi, kuchepetsa kupanikizika, ndikumanga ma turbine ndi ma penstock panthawi yamavuto.
4. Ntchito yadzidzidzi: imalola kutseka mwachangu kuti iteteze dongosolo.
Mitundu ya Zipata (Zipata za Madzi) mu Zomera Zamagetsi Zamagetsi
1. Chipata Chotsetsereka (Chipata Chotsetsereka)
Chipata chotsetsereka ndi chitseko chotsetsereka choyima chomwe chimakwera ndi kutsika kuti chitsegule kapena kutseka madzi otuluka. Mtundu uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo olowera madzi, ngalande, kapena m'njira zotulutsira madzi/zotsukira. Ubwino wake umaphatikizapo kapangidwe kosavuta, mtengo wotsika, komanso kuyenerera kwake m'malo akuluakulu otseguka. Zipata zotsetsereka zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamanja, zamagetsi, kapena ndi madzi, kutengera kukula ndi zofunikira.
Ntchito zodziwika bwino: ngalande yolowera madzi, njira yotulutsira madzi m'matope, njira yodutsa madzi.
2. Chipata cha Radial (Chipata cha Tainter)
Zipata zozungulira zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe opindika okhala ndi mipiringidzo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mphamvu ya madzi ifalikire bwino. Zipata zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madamu ndi m'malo otayikira madzi chifukwa zimatha kuthana ndi kutuluka kwa madzi ambiri mopanda mphamvu zambiri poyerekeza ndi zipata zazikulu zotsetsereka. Zipata zozungulira zimathandizanso kuti madzi a m'madzi azithamanga mofulumira.
Ntchito zofala: zipata zotulutsira madzi, ntchito zotulutsira madzi m'madamu, owongolera mulingo wa madzi osungira madzi.
3. Chipata Chokhazikika cha Mawilo
Mtundu uwu ndi wosiyana ndi chipata chotsetsereka, koma uli ndi mawilo m'mbali mwa chitseko, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kukangana potsegula ndi kutseka. Mawilo okhazikika amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zitseko zazikulu kapena pamene kuthamanga kwa madzi kumapangitsa kukangana kwa chipata chotsetsereka kukhala kwakukulu kwambiri.
Ntchito zodziwika bwino: malo olowera anthu ambiri, malo otulutsira anthu ambiri, zitseko zogwirira ntchito pa nyumba zolowera anthu ambiri.
4. Chipata Chozungulira
Zipata zozungulira zimagwiritsa ntchito ma roller ozungulira kuti zithandizire katundu ndikuthandizira kuyenda kwa zitseko. Poyerekeza ndi zipata zokhazikika, zipata zozungulira ndizoyenera zitseko zazikulu kwambiri komanso katundu wolemera. Komabe, zimafunikanso zovuta kwambiri pamakina komanso zofunikira pakukonza.
Ntchito zodziwika bwino: njira zazikulu zotayira madzi kapena njira zotulutsira madzi, zipata pamadamu okhala ndi madzi ambiri otuluka.
5. Chipata Chozungulira
Zipata zokhotakhota nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati zitseko zokhala ndi ma hinged zomwe zimatseguka chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa madzi komwe kumayendera mbali imodzi ndipo zimatsekedwa madzi akabwerera m'mbuyo. Pankhani ya malo opangira magetsi, zipata zokhotakhota nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabotolo otulutsira madzi, m'mataipi, kapena m'malo enaake otulutsira madzi kuti zisabwerere m'mbuyo zomwe zingasokoneze ntchito kapena kusefukira kwa madzi m'malo enaake.
Ntchito zodziwika bwino: ngalande, malo obweza madzi, njira zotetezera kusefukira kwa madzi m'deralo.
6. Chipata Choyimitsa ndi Chipata Chokulirapo
Mosiyana ndi zipata zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, zipata zoyimitsa ndi zipata zokulirapo ndi zida zotsekera zodzipatula kwakanthawi. Zipata zoyimitsa zimakhala ndi mabuloko okonzedwa pa njanji kuti atseke mipata, pomwe zipata zokulirapo nthawi zambiri zimakhala chitseko chimodzi chachikulu chopangidwira kudzipatula panthawi yowunikira ndi kukonza. Zigawozi ndizofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo panthawi yokonza kapena kukonza zinthu.
Ntchito zodziwika bwino: kudzipatula kwa anthu olowa m'malo olowera, kudzipatula kwa anthu oyenda m'njira yolumikizirana asanayambe ntchito yokonza.
Mitundu ya Ma Valves mu Zomera Zamagetsi Zamagetsi
1. Vavu ya Gulugufe
Ma valve a gulugufe amagwiritsa ntchito diski yozungulira kuti atsegule/tseke kayendedwe ka madzi. Ma valve amenewa ndi otchuka chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kakang'ono, kulemera kopepuka, komanso koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mainchesi akuluakulu. Mu malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, ma valve a gulugufe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma valve olowera (MIVs) pamayunitsi ena, makamaka pamitu yapakati, kapena ngati ma valve odzipatula pamizere yodutsa ndi machitidwe othandizira.
Vuto lalikulu ndilakuti pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, kapangidwe ndi kutseka kuyenera kukhala kodalirika kwambiri kuti kupewe kutuluka ndi kugwedezeka.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwachizolowezi: penstock kupita ku turbine (kutengera kapangidwe kake), makina oziziritsira, mipata yotulutsira madzi ndi njira zodutsa.
2. Valavu Yozungulira (Valavu ya Mpira ya Zipangizo Zamagetsi Zamagetsi)
Ponena za mphamvu yamagetsi, mawu akuti valavu yozungulira amatanthauza valavu yayikulu ya mpira yomwe idapangidwira makamaka kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwambiri kwa madzi. Mavalavu awa amapereka mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri otsekera ndipo ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito podzipatula. Mavalavu ozungulira nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma MIV m'mafakitale amphamvu amphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zimapereka chitetezo chowonjezera pamene mayunitsi a turbine akufunika kudzipatula.
Ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri: malo olowera turbine akuluakulu pamwamba, malo olowera turbine akuluakulu.
3. Valavu ya Singano
Ma valve a singano amagwiritsa ntchito "singano" yolunjika kapena pulagi kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino kayendedwe ka madzi. M'malo opangira magetsi ogwiritsira ntchito madzi, ma valve a singano nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makina odutsa, makina owongolera kutuluka kwa madzi, kapena makina enaake ochepetsera kupanikizika. Ubwino wawo waukulu ndi kuthekera kwawo kuwongolera molondola kayendedwe ka madzi, ngakhale pamlingo wochepa kapena wapakati, ndipo ndi oyenera kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kukwera kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi.
Ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri: penstock bypass, kudzaza/kutulutsa mphamvu, njira zowongolera kuyenda bwino kwa madzi.
4. Vavu ya Chipata (Vavu ya Chitseko cha Chitoliro)
Kuwonjezera pa zipata monga zipata zamadzi wamba, palinso ma valve a zipata m'mapayipi opanikizika. Ma valve awa ndi abwino kwambiri pa ntchito zoyatsira/kuzima (zodzipatula) chifukwa akatsegulidwa kwathunthu, sapereka mphamvu zambiri zoyendera madzi. Komabe, ma valve a zipata si abwino kwambiri pothira madzi (otseguka pang'ono) chifukwa angayambitse kukokoloka ndi kugwedezeka.
Ntchito zodziwika bwino: kulekanitsa mapaipi othandizira, ngalande zotulutsira madzi, ndi mizere yogwirira ntchito.
5. Vavu ya Globe
Ma valve ozungulira amapambana kwambiri powongolera kayendedwe ka madzi (kupondereza) chifukwa makhalidwe awo oyendera madzi ndi osavuta kuwalamulira kuposa ma valve a chipata. Komabe, ali ndi kutsika kwakukulu kwa kupanikizika. Mu malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, ma valve ozungulira amapezeka kwambiri m'makina opangira zida, mizere yozizira, mafuta odzola, ndi makina opumira/hydraulic omwe amathandizira ntchito ya jenereta ya turbine.
Ntchito wamba: njira yothandizira yoyendetsera kayendedwe ka madzi, mizere yozizira, makina odzola mafuta.
6. Valavu Yoyang'anira (Valavu Yosabwezera)
Ma valve owunikira amaletsa kubwerera kwa madzi komwe kungawononge mapampu, kusokoneza kukhazikika kwa makina, kapena kuyambitsa kupsinjika kwa zida. Mu malo opangira magetsi oyendera madzi, ma valve owunikira ndi ofunikira pamakina opopera madzi, makina oziziritsira madzi, ndi mizere ina yokhudzana ndi ntchito ya turbine.
Ntchito zodziwika bwino: makina opopera, madzi ozizira, mapaipi otulutsira madzi, makina odzaza madzi.
7. Vavu Yothandizira Kupanikizika ndi Vavu Yopumira
Malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi amakumana ndi chiopsezo cha nyundo yamadzi komanso kusinthasintha kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya. Chifukwa chake, ma valve ochepetsa kuthamanga kwa mpweya nthawi zambiri amayikidwa kuti achepetse kuthamanga kwa mpweya, komanso ma valve a mpweya (ma valve otulutsa mpweya/vacuum) kuti atulutse mpweya wotsekeka kapena kupewa vacuum yomwe ingawononge mapaipi. Ngakhale kuti si nthawi zonse "ma valve akuluakulu," ma valve awa ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa chitetezo cha mapaipi.
Ntchito zodziwika bwino: chitetezo cha penstock, malo okwera kwambiri a mapaipi, machitidwe otetezera kuthamanga kwa mpweya.
Zoganizira Zokhudza Kusankha Chipata ndi Ma Valve
Kusankha mitundu ya zipata ndi ma valavu sikungatheke chifukwa kumadalira momwe malo opangira magetsi amagwirira ntchito, kuphatikizapo:
- Mutu (kutalika kwa madzi) ndi kuthamanga kwa ntchito
- Kapangidwe ka kutulutsa madzi ndi m'mimba mwake wa njira/payipi
- Zofunikira pa ntchito: kudzipatula kokha kapena kuwongolera kayendedwe ka madzi molondola kumafunika
- Liwiro lotseka ndi chiopsezo cha kukwera kwa madzi/kukwera kwa nyundo
- Malo okhala ndi zinyalala ndi dothi (nthambi, zinyalala, mchenga)
- Kudalirika kwa kutseka ndi kosavuta kuyang'anira ndi kukonza
- Dongosolo loyendetsera: lamanja, lamagetsi, lamadzimadzi, kapena losakanikirana
Mwachitsanzo, pa mitu yayitali komanso zofunikira kwambiri zodzipatula, ma valve ozungulira nthawi zambiri amakondedwa kuposa ma valve a gulugufe. Komabe, pa ma diameter akuluakulu okhala ndi malo ochepa komanso zosowa zodzipatula zotsika mtengo, ma valve a gulugufe akhoza kukhala yankho labwino.
Kutseka
Zipata ndi ma valavu ndizofunikira kwambiri pakulamulira kuyenda kwa madzi m'malo opangira magetsi, m'nyumba zomangira nyumba monga malo olowera madzi ndi malo otayira madzi komanso m'mapaipi opanikizika monga ma penstock ndi ma assistant lines. Zipata zotsetsereka, ma radial gets, ma wheel gets okhazikika, ndi ma stoplogs zimathandiza kwambiri pakulamulira mipata yayikulu komanso kuyang'anira madzi osungira madzi. Pakadali pano, ma valavu a gulugufe, ma valavu ozungulira, ma valavu a singano, ma globe valve, ndi ma valavu osiyanasiyana oteteza amatsimikizira kuyenda kolamulidwa, kotetezeka, komanso kokhazikika kupita ku ma turbines omwe ali ndi mphamvu.
Mwa kumvetsetsa makhalidwe a mtundu uliwonse wa chipata ndi valavu, ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi opanga magetsi amatha kudziwa zida zoyenera kwambiri zothandizira kupanga bwino, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka, ndikuwonjezera chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.
