Kaplan Turbine: Yankho Labwino Kwambiri la Kuyenda kwa Madzi Ochepa
Mu dziko la kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi (PLTA), si malo onse omwe ali ndi mitsinje yothamanga kapena mitsinje yamadzi ambiri. Madera ambiri ali ndi madzi oyenda pang'onopang'ono, koma kutuluka kwawo kumakhala kwakukulu komanso kokhazikika chaka chonse. Ndi m'mikhalidwe imeneyi pomwe Kaplan Turbine imakhala chisankho chodziwika bwino. Turbine iyi imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa njira zogwirira ntchito bwino kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito madzi othamanga pang'onopang'ono okhala ndi mitsinje yotsika mpaka yapakati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mitsinje ya m'zigwa ndi ngalande zothirira.
Kudziwa Kaplan Turbine
Turbine ya Kaplan ndi mtundu wa turbine yochitapo kanthu yomwe imagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi liwiro la kuyenda kuti izungulire wothamanga (turbine wheel). Turbine iyi idapangidwa koyamba ndi Viktor Kaplan kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Ubwino waukulu wa kapangidwe ka Kaplan uli mu mawonekedwe ofanana ndi a propeller a wothamanga komanso ngodya ya tsamba yosinthika. Kutha kusintha ngodya ya tsamba kumathandiza turbine kuti igwire ntchito bwino ngakhale madzi akuyenda mosinthasintha.
Kawirikawiri, ma turbine a Kaplan amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo opangira magetsi okhala ndi mitu yotsika (pafupifupi mamita 2–30) komanso kutulutsa madzi ambiri. Mosiyana ndi ma turbine a Pelton, omwe ndi oyenera mitu yayitali, kapena ma turbine a Francis, omwe amatha kusinthasintha mosavuta pa mitu yapakati, ma turbine a Kaplan "amapangidwira" kuti awonjezere mphamvu zamagetsi mumayendedwe osathamanga kwambiri.
Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito ya Kaplan Turbine
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya Kaplan Turbine imayamba pamene madzi alowetsedwa mu turbine housing kudzera mu penstock, kapena inlet channel. Madziwo amadutsa mu wicket gates (guide vanes), zomwe zimawongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndikuwongolera kuyenda kwa madziwo pa ngodya yoyenera. Madziwo amagunda runner, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izungulire.
Chomwe chimasiyanitsa Kaplan ndi turbine ya propeller yanthawi zonse ndi kukhalapo kwa njira ziwiri zowongolera:
1. Kukhazikitsa chipata cha wicket: kumalamulira kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amalowa.
2. Kusintha ngodya ya tsamba lothamanga: kusintha ngodya ya tsamba kuti nthawi zonse ikhale yoyenera bwino momwe madzi akuyendera.
Kuphatikiza kumeneku, komwe kumadziwika kuti double regulation, kumapangitsa kuti Kaplan Turbine ikhale yabwino kwambiri pamene madzi a m'mtsinje akusintha chifukwa cha nyengo kapena momwe amagwirira ntchito.
Pambuyo pozungulira chothamanga, madzi amatuluka kudzera mu chubu chopopera. Chubu chopopera chimathandiza kubweza mphamvu zina za kupanikizika ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya turbine yonse. Dongosololi limawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamadzi poyerekeza ndi mapangidwe opanda kubweza mphamvu.
Nchifukwa chiyani Kaplan Turbine ndi Yoyenera Kuyenda Mofulumira Kwambiri?
Kuyenda kwa madzi mofulumira kwambiri nthawi zambiri kumagwirizana ndi kuyenda kwa madzi otsika. Pa kuyenda kwa madzi otsika, mphamvu zomwe madzi amatha kukhala nazo sizimakhala zambiri, kotero makina omwe amatha kupanga mphamvu zambiri kuchokera ku madzi ambiri (kutulutsa) amafunika. Turbine ya Kaplan idapangidwira izi.
Zina mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe Kaplan amapambana pamikhalidwe iyi:
– Kuchita bwino kwambiri pakakhala zinthu zochepa: Kaplan imatha kuchita bwino kwambiri (nthawi zambiri >90% pakupanga) chifukwa kapangidwe kake kamachepetsa kutayika kwa mphamvu.
- Zabwino kwambiri pakutulutsa madzi ambiri: kutulutsa madzi kwakukulu, Kaplan amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, bola ngati njira ndi kapangidwe kake kakuyenera.
- Yosasinthika ndi kusinthasintha kwa katundu: njira yoyendetsera zinthu ziwiri imathandiza kuti turbine ikhale yokhazikika komanso yogwira ntchito bwino pamene kutulutsa kwasintha.
Choncho, pamene malo ali ndi mtsinje waukulu, madzi otuluka nthawi zonse, koma opanda mathithi kapena kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mapiri, Kaplan nthawi zambiri ndiye njira yotsika mtengo komanso yaukadaulo.
Zigawo Zazikulu za Kaplan Turbine
Kuti mumvetse momwe Kaplan amagwirira ntchito, ndikofunikira kuzindikira zigawo zake zazikulu:
1. Wothamanga (choyendetsa choyendera cha turbine)
Kawirikawiri, imakhala ndi masamba atatu mpaka asanu ndi limodzi, kutengera kukula ndi zosowa. Masamba amatha kuzungulira pa mzere wawo kuti asinthe ngodya.
2. Chipata cha Wicket / chowongolera
Mzere wa ma vani otsogolera omwe amawongolera kulowa ndikuwongolera madzi kupita kwa wothamanga.
3. Chitoliro choyezera
Njira yomwe imachepetsa kutuluka kwa mpweya ndikusintha mphamvu ya kinetic kukhala mphamvu yokakamiza, motero imawonjezera magwiridwe antchito.
4. Shaft
Kulumikiza choyendetsera ku jenereta. Chikhoza kukhala choyima kapena chopingasa, ngakhale kuti chitsanzo choyima chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi akuluakulu.
5. Makina owongolera ndi oyendetsera
Imawongolera kayendedwe ka masamba othamanga ndi chipata cha wicket chokha kutengera kutulutsa ndi katundu wa jenereta.
Ubwino wa Kaplan Turbine
Turbine ya Kaplan imadziwika kuti ndi "champion" pazochitika zina. Nazi zina mwazabwino zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino:
- Kuchita bwino kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana
Chifukwa masamba othamanga amatha kusinthidwa, turbine imakhalabe yogwira ntchito bwino pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kayendedwe ka madzi.
- Yoyenera magetsi akuluakulu komanso ang'onoang'ono
Kaplan si ya madamu akuluakulu okha; mitundu yaying'ono ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ngalande zothirira kapena zipata zotsekera madzi.
- Yankho lachangu pakusintha kwa katundu
Dongosolo lowongolera limalola turbine kusintha kusintha kwa kufunikira kwa magetsi mwanjira yokhazikika.
- Wochezeka kwambiri ndi madzi ochepa
Poyerekeza ndi ma turbine ena, Kaplan "imafinya" mphamvu zambiri kuchokera ku madzi osathamanga kwambiri.
Mavuto ndi Zoyipa
Ngakhale ubwino wake, Kaplan Turbine ilinso ndi mavuto angapo:
- Ndalama zoyambira zimakhala zokwera kwambiri
Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa njira yovuta kwambiri yosinthira tsamba ndi njira yowongolera.
- Kukonza kovuta kwambiri
Zigawo zambiri zosuntha zimafunika kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse, kudzola mafuta, ndi kulinganiza.
- Zitha kugwidwa ndi cavitation ngati kapangidwe/ntchito yolakwika
Pakakhala kupanikizika kochepa, thovu la nthunzi limatha kupanga ndikuwononga malo a tsamba. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka chubu chodulira ndi momwe ntchito ikuyendera ziyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala.
- Imafuna khalidwe lapamwamba lopangidwa
Kuti tsamba lizitha kuyenda bwino komanso lolimba ku dzimbiri ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka.
Komabe, pamapulojekiti omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zotulutsa madzi komanso otsika, phindu la nthawi yayitali komanso kupanga mphamvu nthawi zambiri limaposa ndalama zoyambira zokwera.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kaplan Turbine M'munda
Ma turbine a Kaplan amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu:
– Mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera mumtsinje (yopanda malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu) m'mitsinje ya m'zigwa.
– Damu lokhala ndi mutu waung'ono koma lotulutsa madzi ambiri.
- Ntchito yaying'ono yothirira madzi m'njira zothirira.
– Malo opangira magetsi pafupi ndi mitsinje kapena ngalande zomwe madzi ake amatuluka bwino.
Ponena za dziko la Indonesia, lomwe lili ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu yambiri komanso malo ambiri othirira, kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito ma turbine a Kaplan ndi kwakukulu, makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'madera akutali okhala ndi mini hydro yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepa koma okhazikika.
Mapeto
Ma turbine a Kaplan ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera madzi otsika liwiro, makamaka m'makina okhala ndi mitu yotsika mpaka yapakati komanso kutulutsa madzi ambiri. Ndi kapangidwe kake kosinthika komanso njira yowongolera kawiri, ma turbine a Kaplan amatha kusunga magwiridwe antchito apamwamba pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwirira ntchito. Ngakhale ndalama zomangira ndi kukonza nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwera kuposa mitundu ina ya ma turbine, magwiridwe antchito awo a nthawi yayitali nthawi zambiri amachititsa kuti ndalama zomwe zayikidwa zikhale zoyenera.
Pomaliza, kusankha ma turbine amagetsi amadzi si njira imodzi yokha; iyenera kuganizira mutu, kutulutsa madzi, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi zofunikira pa mphamvu. Komabe, pamene madzi akuyenda pang'onopang'ono koma ambiri alipo, Kaplan Turbine nthawi zambiri imakhala yankho labwino komanso lothandiza kwambiri.
