Momwe Madziwe Achilengedwe Amasiyanirana ndi Madziwe Opangidwa Pakusamalira Madzi
Kusamalira madzi ndi vuto lalikulu m'madera ambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kuchuluka kwa anthu, komanso kufunika kwa madzi a ulimi ndi mafakitale. Pachifukwa ichi, "malo osungira madzi" nthawi zambiri amakhala njira yothetsera kusungira ndikuwongolera kupezeka kwa madzi. Komabe, malo osungira madzi nthawi zonse samatanthauza madamu opangidwa ndi anthu. Palinso malo osungira madzi achilengedwe—madzi opangidwa mwachilengedwe ndi njira za geological ndi hydrological. Ngakhale onse awiri angathandize pakusunga ndi kugawa madzi, ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pa njira zomwe amapangidwira, momwe amasamaliridwira, komanso momwe amakhudzira chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza kusiyana pakati pa malo osungira madzi achilengedwe ndi opanga pa kayendetsedwe ka madzi, pamodzi ndi ubwino ndi zofooka zake.
1. Chiyambi ndi njira yopangira
Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli m'mene amapangikira. Malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe amapangidwa popanda kuthandizidwa ndi anthu, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha ntchito ya tectonic yomwe imapanga beseni, kuphulika kwa phiri lomwe limatseka mtsinje, kugwa kwakukulu komwe kumawononga chigwa, kapena chisanu chomwe chimapanga nyanja. Zitsanzo zosavuta kuzimvetsa zikuphatikizapo nyanja zakuya kwambiri za tectonic, nyanja za crater, kapena nyanja zopangidwa ndi dothi lachilengedwe.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, malo osungiramo zinthu zopangidwa amamangidwa kudzera mu uinjiniya—nthawi zambiri pomanga damu kudutsa mtsinje kuti liletse madzi kuyenda ndikupanga malo osungiramo zinthu. Chifukwa chakuti amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapulani, malo osungiramo zinthu zopangidwa nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti agwire ntchito inayake: kuthirira, kupereka madzi osaphika, kuwongolera kusefukira kwa madzi, kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, kapena kuphatikiza ntchito zimenezi.
2. Mlingo wolamulira kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kutuluka kwake
Pakusamalira madzi, kulamulira ndikofunikira kwambiri. Madziwe opangira amapereka mphamvu zambiri zowongolera chifukwa cha zomangamanga monga zipata, njira zotayira madzi, malo otulutsira madzi, ndi njira zowunikira. Ogwira ntchito amatha kudziwa nthawi yosungira madzi, nthawi yotulutsira madzi, komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi oti azitulutsira kuthirira, madzi akumwa, kapena kusunga madzi oyenda pansi pa mitsinje. Mu nyengo yamvula, madziwa opangira amatha kusunga madzi kuti achepetse kusefukira kwa madzi; mu nyengo youma, madzi amatha kutulutsidwa pang'onopang'ono kuti apitirizebe kuperekedwa.
Malo osungiramo madzi achilengedwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa. Ngakhale malo ena osungiramo madzi achilengedwe ali ndi "malo otsetsereka" achilengedwe komwe madzi amasefukira, njira zolowera ndi kutuluka kwa madzi zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mvula, kulowa, kuphwanyika, komanso kulinganiza kwa kulowa ndi kutuluka kwa madzi. Kulowererapo kwa anthu n'kotheka (monga kumanga malo otulukira madzi kapena zipata zosavuta zotsekera madzi), koma nthawi zambiri, kusintha kwakukulu kwa malo osungiramo madzi achilengedwe kungayambitse mavuto azachilengedwe kapena chikhalidwe mwa kusokoneza kulinganiza kwawo kwachilengedwe.
3. Ntchito zazikulu mu machitidwe oyang'anira madzi
Malo osungiramo zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zolinga zomveka bwino komanso zoyezeka. Kukonzekera kumaphatikizapo zolinga zokwaniritsira ntchito, zolinga zotulutsira ntchito, ndi malire ocheperako komanso apamwamba ogwirira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri amakhala maziko a njira zazikulu zothirira ndi madzi akumatauni. Kuphatikiza apo, malo ambiri osungiramo zinthu zakale amapereka mphamvu kudzera mu ma turbine amagetsi, kotero kasamalidwe kawo kamagwirizana ndi zosowa zamagetsi.
Malo osungiramo madzi achilengedwe nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ngati malo osungira madzi "osachitapo kanthu", ngakhale kuti amakhalabe ofunikira. Nyanja zambiri zachilengedwe zimathandiza kukhazikika kwa madzi am'deralo, kubwezeretsanso madzi m'madzi kudzera m'madzi otuluka, komanso kupereka malo okhala zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. M'madera ena, nyanja zachilengedwe zimakhala ngati magwero a madzi osaphika, usodzi, komanso zokopa alendo. Komabe, chifukwa sizinapangidwe kuti zikwaniritse zolinga zinazake, zopereka zawo ku machitidwe amakono ogawa madzi zitha kukhala zochepa kapena zimafuna kusintha kwa mfundo zoyendetsera.
4. Zotsatira za chilengedwe ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana
Malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo okhazikika, opangidwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri mpaka zikwi zambiri. Zomera, zinyama, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timazungulira zimasintha malinga ndi momwe madzi amayendera. Chifukwa chake, malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri amakhala malo odziwika bwino okhala ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, komwe kumakhala nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi, ndi zomera za m'madambo. Kusamalira bwino malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri kumagogomezera kusunga madzi: kusunga ubwino wa madzi, kuwongolera kuipitsa, kupewa kufalikira kwa nyongolotsi (maluwa a alga omwe amayambitsidwa ndi michere yambiri), komanso kuteteza malo osungiramo madzi.
Malo osungiramo zinthu zopangidwa amapanga malo atsopano okhala ndi zachilengedwe omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala "achichepere" koma akusinthabe. Kapangidwe kake kangathe kuletsa njira zosamukira nsomba, kusintha kutentha kwa mitsinje ndi zinyalala, ndikumiza malo okhala padziko lapansi. Komabe, malo osungiramo zinthu zopangidwa amathanso kupanga malo atsopano okhala nsomba ndi mbalame zam'madzi, makamaka ngati akuyang'aniridwa ndi njira zosamalira chilengedwe, monga kupereka makwerero a nsomba, kusunga kayendedwe ka zachilengedwe pansi pa madzi, ndikukonzanso zomera kuzungulira malire a malo osungiramo zinthu.
5. Kutaya kwa nthaka ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito
Kutaya zinyalala ndi vuto lofala, koma makhalidwe ake amasiyana. Madziwe opangidwa nthawi zambiri amasunga zinyalala kuchokera ku mitsinje yomwe kale inali ndi madzi ambiri. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, zinyalala zimatha kudziunjikira ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zawo zosungira pakapita nthawi. Madziwe ambiri opangidwa amakumana ndi vuto lochepa chifukwa cha kutayika kwa zinyalala, zomwe zimafuna kukumba, kutsuka zinyalala, kapena kusamalira madzi kuti achepetse kukokoloka kwa nthaka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje.
Malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe amakumananso ndi kusungunuka kwa nthaka, koma nthawi zambiri pamlingo ndi liwiro lomwe limatsatira njira zachilengedwe za nthawi yayitali. Komabe, kusungunuka kwa nthaka m'malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe kumatha kuwonjezeka kwambiri pamene kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka (kudula mitengo, ulimi wochuluka, chitukuko) kumachitika m'dera lomwe lili ndi madzi. Chifukwa chakuti malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri amakhala mbali ya machitidwe ofunikira achilengedwe, kuyesa kukumba kapena kusintha madzi kungayambitse kusokonezeka kwa malo okhala.
6. Kuopsa kwa ubwino wa madzi ndi kuipitsidwa
Malo osungiramo madzi opangira omwe amapereka madzi osaphika nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo otetezera, malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito nthaka, komanso njira zowunikira bwino khalidwe la madzi. Komabe, malo osungiramo madzi opangira amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndi madzi otayira m'minda (feteleza, mankhwala ophera tizilombo), zinyalala zapakhomo, komanso ntchito zachuma kuzungulira malo osungiramo madzi, makamaka pamene malamulo oyendetsera ntchito ndi ofooka. Vuto lina ndi kutentha kwa nthaka (magawo a kutentha), komwe kungayambitse kusowa kwa mpweya pansi pa malo osungiramo madzi, kuyambitsa kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zina kuchokera mu dothi, ndikuwononga khalidwe la madzi.
Malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe amakumananso ndi chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa madzi, makamaka ngati ali pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu kapena malo oyendera alendo. Chifukwa nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati "malo wamba" otseguka, kupsinjika kwa zochita za anthu (makhola a nsomba, zinyalala, ndi zimbudzi) kungachuluke popanda malamulo okhwima. M'malo ena, malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe otsekedwa kapena osayendetsedwa bwino amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kufa ndi njala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kasamalidwe ka zakudya m'thupi kakhale kofunika kwambiri.
7. Nkhani zokhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma ndi mikangano
Madziwe opangidwa nthawi zambiri amabweretsa mavuto pakati pa anthu kuyambira nthawi yomanga: kutenga malo, kusamutsa anthu, kusintha kwa moyo, komanso mikangano yolipira. Akayamba kugwira ntchito, mpikisano wogwiritsa ntchito madzi umabukanso—mwachitsanzo, pakati pa kuthirira, kupereka madzi akumwa, mafakitale, ndi magetsi. Chifukwa chake, madziwe opangidwa amafunika ulamuliro womveka bwino, kuphatikizapo njira zogawa madzi, kuwonekera poyera kwa ntchito, komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu ammudzi.
Malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri samabweretsa kusamuka kwakukulu chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwawo kwa nthawi yayitali, koma mikangano ingabukebe pankhani yopezera malo: usodzi, zokopa alendo, kutulutsa madzi, kapena kusunga malo osungiramo zinthu. M'madera ena, kukhala malo otetezedwa kungalepheretse ntchito zachuma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yogwirira ntchito limodzi kuti pakhale chitetezo ndi ubwino wa anthu ammudzi.
8. Kupirira kusintha kwa nyengo
Kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhudza momwe mvula imagwera, kuchuluka kwa mphepo yamkuntho, komanso kuchuluka kwa chilala. Malo osungiramo zinthu zopangidwa amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera mwa kusintha ma curve awo ogwirira ntchito—monga, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi mvula isanagwe kwambiri kuti apange malo osungira madzi osefukira, kapena kukonza bwino kutulutsa madzi panthawi ya chilala cha nthawi yayitali. Komabe, kulimba kwawo kumadalira kupezeka kwa deta, mphamvu yolosera, komanso kugwirizana kwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana.
Malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe amagwiranso ntchito ngati njira zotetezera nyengo, koma kusintha kwa nyengo kumadalira kwambiri kuteteza zachilengedwe ndi malo osungiramo madzi. Kusunga nkhalango zakumtunda, kuchepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka, ndi kuwongolera kuipitsa ndi njira zofunika kwambiri zowonetsetsa kuti malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe akusunga madzi awo ndikusungabe abwino pakati pa kusintha kwa nyengo.
Mapeto
Madziwe achilengedwe ndi opanga ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa kasamalidwe ka madzi, koma amasiyana pamlingo wawo wolamulira, cholinga, momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira, komanso mavuto a kasamalidwe. Madziwe opangira ndi abwino kwambiri pa kasamalidwe ka ntchito komanso kuthekera kokwaniritsa zolinga zautumiki wa madzi, koma ndi okwera mtengo, amakhala ndi chiopsezo cha mikangano ya anthu, ndipo amatha kutayikira. Madziwe achilengedwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zachilengedwe zokhazikika komanso maudindo amphamvu pazachilengedwe, koma kasamalidwe kawo kamafunika chisamaliro chapadera, chifukwa kusintha pang'ono kumatha kukhudza kwambiri chilengedwe.
Pomaliza, njira yabwino kwambiri si kusankha chimodzi kuposa china, koma kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri mu njira imodzi yoyendetsera madzi m'derali: kulimbitsa kayendetsedwe ka madamu ndi maukonde ogawa madzi, pamene akuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa malo osungiramo madzi achilengedwe ndi malo awo osungira madzi. Mwanjira imeneyi, kupezeka kwa madzi kungakhale kokhazikika, ubwino wa chilengedwe ukhoza kusungidwa, ndipo zosowa za anthu zitha kukwaniritsidwa moyenera.
