Momwe Madamu a Dziko Lapansi Amagwirira Ntchito Posungira Madzi Kuti Agwiritse Ntchito Mphamvu
Madamu a dothi ndi amodzi mwa malo odziwika bwino pa kayendetsedwe ka madzi, makamaka pa ulimi wothirira, kupereka madzi osaphika, kuwongolera kusefukira kwa madzi, komanso kupanga mphamvu. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati "osavuta" chifukwa amapangidwa ndi zinthu zadothi, ntchito ya madamu a dothi ndi yovuta kwambiri. Amagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zolimba za geotechnical ndi hydrological engineering kuti athe kupirira kuthamanga kwa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Pankhani ya mphamvu, madamu a dothi amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ngati "mabatire" achilengedwe—kusunga mphamvu zomwe madzi angathe kusinthidwa kukhala magetsi kudzera mu ma turbine. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe madamu a dothi amagwirira ntchito kusungira madzi kuti akhale ndi mphamvu, zigawo zawo zazikulu, komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito kuchokera pamalingaliro aukadaulo koma amakhalabe osavuta kuwapeza.
1. Kodi damu la nthaka ndi chiyani?
Damu lodzaza nthaka ndi damu lomwe thupi lake limapangidwa ndi nthaka yolimba, nthawi zambiri limaphatikizidwa ndi miyala ndi pakati pomwe sipalowa madzi. Mosiyana ndi madamu a konkriti, omwe amadalira mphamvu ya konkriti kuti athe kupirira madzi, madamu a konkriti amadalira kulemera kwawo kwakukulu, kukhazikika kwa malo otsetsereka, komanso kulimba kwa madzi mkati kuti asalowe madzi ambiri.
Madamu a nthaka nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa chifukwa zipangizo zopangira zimapezeka mosavuta m'deralo, ndalama zomangira zimatha kukhala zochepa, ndipo ndi oyenera zigwa zazikulu zokhala ndi maziko a nthaka. Komabe, chifukwa nthaka imalowa madzi ndipo imatha kusintha khalidwe kutengera kuchuluka kwa madzi, kapangidwe kake ndi kasamalidwe kake kumafuna kusamala kwambiri.
2. Mfundo yaikulu: kusunga mphamvu ya madzi
Chinsinsi cha ubale pakati pa madamu ndi mphamvu chili mu lingaliro la mphamvu yokoka. Madzi omwe ali m'chitsime pamalo okwera kwambiri amasunga mphamvu. Madzi akakwera poyerekeza ndi turbine (kuchuluka kwa "mutu," kapena kutalika kwa kugwa), mphamvu zambiri zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mu malo opangira magetsi (PLTA), madzi osungidwa m'chitsime amayendetsedwa kudzera mu penstock kupita ku turbine. Turbine imasintha mphamvu ya kinetic ya madzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina yozungulira, yomwe kenako imasinthidwa kukhala magetsi ndi jenereta. Mu dongosololi, damu ladothi limasunga kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi mulingo wa madzi kuti zitsimikizire kuti mphamvuyo ikupezeka bwino.
Mu malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, kukhalapo kwa damu sikungokhala "khoma lotetezera madzi" chabe, koma chida chowongolera kupezeka kwa madzi nthawi zonse—monga kusunga madzi nthawi yamvula kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yachilimwe pamene madzi akuchepa.
3. Kapangidwe kake ka damu la nthaka
Kuti madzi azitha kupirira kuthamanga kwa madzi komanso kuti akhalebe olimba, madamu a dziko lapansi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zingapo zofunika:
a) Pakati pa thupi
Chimake ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri poletsa madzi kulowa m'thupi la damu. Chimakecho chingapangidwe ndi dongo, lomwe sililola kulowa madzi ambiri. Popeza dongo sililowa madzi ambiri, limachepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amatuluka, zomwe ngati sizikukonzedwa, zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa mkati.
Pakati pa damu nthawi zambiri pamakhala pakati pa damu (pakati pa madzi) kapena mbali yakumtunda (pakati pa madzi), kutengera kapangidwe kake. Kukhalapo kwa pakati kumapangitsa damu ladothi kukhala loposa mulu wa nthaka, koma dongosolo lokhala ndi magawo okhala ndi ntchito zake.
b) Malo osinthira ndi fyuluta
Pafupi ndi pakati pa nthaka yosalowa madzi nthawi zambiri pamakhala malo osefera ndi malo osinthira. Izi ndi zigawo za zinthu zosankhidwa bwino (zopyapyala mpaka zopyapyala) zomwe zimathandiza:
- kugwira tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuti tisatengeke ndi madzi otuluka m'madzi,
- kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha mapaipi (kupanga "mapaipi" okokoloka mkati mwa damu),
- amachepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi m'mabowo ndipo amatsogolera bwino kutuluka kwa madzi m'mabowo.
Fyuluta yabwino ndi "ukonde wotetezera" wa geotechnical: imalola madzi enaake kudutsa, koma imaletsa tinthu ta dothi kuti tisanyamulidwe.
c) Matupi osungira zipolopolo (zipolopolo) akumtunda ndi pansi pa mtsinje
Chipolopolocho ndiye chipolopolo chachikulu cha damu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale lolimba. Gawoli nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi dothi lokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena chisakanizo cha nthaka ndi miyala yolimba. Chipolopolocho chimapangidwa kuti chiteteze malo otsetsereka akumtunda ndi akumunsi kuti asagwe chifukwa cha madzi ambiri, kugwedezeka kwa zivomerezi, kapena kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi.
d) Kutulutsa madzi ndi kukhetsa madzi m'mapazi
Pansi pa mtsinje, nthawi zambiri pamakhala ngalande zotulutsira madzi kuti madzi atuluke ndikutuluka m'madziwo mosamala.
- kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi la damu,
- kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi m'mabowo omwe angafooketse mphamvu ya nthaka yodulidwa,
- zimathandiza kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyang'anira kutuluka kwa madzi.
e) Chitetezo cha malo otsetsereka (riprap)
Malo okwera omwe amakumana ndi mafunde a dziwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitsinje kuti ateteze kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Malo otsika amatha kutetezedwa ndi udzu kapena chitetezo china cha pamwamba kuti ateteze kukokoloka kwa nthaka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mvula.
4. Kodi madamu a dothi amaletsa bwanji madzi popanda “kutuluka” koopsa?
Palibe dambo la dothi lomwe silingatuluke konse. Kutuluka pang'ono kwa madzi ndi kwabwinobwino ndipo n'koyenera. Choopsa ndi kutuluka kosalamulirika komwe kumanyamula tinthu ta dothi ndikupanga njira zokokoloka mkati (mapaipi). Kutuluka kwa madzi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madamu alephere kugwira ntchito.
Kuti madamu a dziko lapansi akhale otetezeka, amapangidwa ndi njira zitatu zazikulu:
1. Zimaletsa kuyenda kwa madzi kudzera m'chimake chomwe sichilola kulowa madzi ambiri.
2. Yang'anirani kayendedwe ka madzi pogwiritsa ntchito zosefera ndi ngalande kuti madzi otuluka ayende m'njira "yokonzedwa" ndipo asawononge zinthuzo.
3. Onetsetsani kuti zinthuzo zili bwino komanso kuti zinthuzo zikhale zokhazikika, komanso kuti zinthuzo zikhale zotetezeka, komanso kuti zinthuzo zikhale zotetezeka.
Kukhuthala kumachita gawo lalikulu. Nthaka imadzazidwa m'magawo, kenako imathiridwa ndi zida zolemera mpaka itafika pamlingo wofunikira. Kukhuthala kwabwino kumachepetsa mipata, kumawonjezera mphamvu, komanso kumachepetsa kulowa kwa nthaka.
5. Njira yogwirira ntchito ya damu la nthaka mu makina opangira magetsi
Mu makina opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, damu la dothi silimangoletsa madzi komanso limayang'anira mphamvu. Nayi njira yosavuta yogwirira ntchito:
1. Kutenga madzi (kulowa)
Madzi ochokera m'mitsinje ndi m'mitsinje yamadzi amalowa m'dziwe. Kuchuluka kwa madzi kumadalira mvula, momwe madzi amagwera, komanso nyengo.
2. Kusungirako
Madzi osungira madzi amasungidwa kuti apereke malo osungira madzi. Munthawi ya madzi ambiri, damu "limasunga madzi". Malo osungira madzi amenewa ndi ofunika kwambiri nthawi yamagetsi ambiri kapena nthawi yachilimwe.
3. Kulamulira kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kutuluka kwake
Wogwiritsa ntchito amalamulira malo olowera ku penstock kuti kuyenda kwa turbine kugwirizane ndi kufunikira kwa mphamvu ndi malire ogwirira ntchito. Lingaliro la mutu ndilofunika kwambiri apa: ngati madzi atsika kwambiri, mphamvu ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zimachepa.
4. Kusintha kwa mphamvu mu jenereta ya turbine
Madzi opanikizika amalowa mu turbine, kutembenuza masamba a turbine, ndikupanga magetsi kudzera mu jenereta.
5. Kutulutsa madzi (kutuluka)
Madzi akadutsa mu turbine, amabwerera kumtsinje. Mwanjira imeneyi, mphamvu ya madzi "imagwiritsidwa ntchito," osati kulemera kwake "kogwiritsidwa ntchito"—ngakhale kuti kutayika kwina kumachitika chifukwa cha nthunzi ndi zosowa zina.
6. Njira yotulukira madzi: chitetezo nthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi
Madamu a dothi amadalira kwambiri njira zotayira madzi ngati gawo la chitetezo. Njira zotayira madzi zimalola madzi ochulukirapo kuyenda nthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi kuti dziwe lisasefukire pamwamba pa denga la damu.
Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa kuthira madzi ambiri (madzi osefukira pamwamba pa dambo) kungawononge thupi la dambo mwachangu ndikupangitsa kuti dambo ligwe. Chifukwa chake, njira zotayira madzi nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi konkriti kapena nyumba zosagwedezeka ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka, ndipo mphamvu zake zimawerengedwa kutengera kapangidwe ka madzi osefukira.
Pankhani ya mphamvu, njira zothira madzi zimathandizanso kuti magetsi azigwira ntchito bwino. Ngati madzi olowa m'madzi ndi okwera kwambiri, madzi ena amatha kutuluka kudzera mu njira yothira madzi popanda kudutsa mu turbine, chifukwa makina a turbine ali ndi malire pa kutulutsa madzi ndi kuthamanga kwa ntchito.
7. Mavuto a madamu a nthaka pa nkhani ya mphamvu
Ngakhale kuti madamu a nthaka ndi othandiza, amakumana ndi mavuto angapo:
– Kuchuluka kwa dothi m'madzi: matope ndi mchenga kuchokera kumtunda kwa mtsinje, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zili m'madzi kotero kuti mphamvu zomwe zili m'madzi zimachepa chaka ndi chaka.
– Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi momwe mvula imachitikira: kusatsimikizika kwa kutulutsa madzi kumapangitsa kukonzekera ntchito ndi kuyerekezera mphamvu kukhala kovuta kwambiri.
– Kukhazikika kwa mtunda: kusinthasintha kwa madzi mofulumira kungakhudze kukhazikika kwa mtunda wokwera (kutsika kwa madzi mwachangu).
– Zivomezi: madera omwe amagwedezeka ndi zivomezi amafunika mapangidwe apadera kuti apewe kusungunuka kwa madzi ndi kusinthika kwakukulu.
– Kusamalira ndi kuyang'anira: zida monga ma piezometer, ma seepage meter, ndi kuwona kusintha kwa zinthu ziyenera kuchitika nthawi zonse kuti zizindikiro zoopsa zizindikirike msanga.
8. Mapeto
Madamu a dothi ndi chitsanzo cha momwe zipangizo zosavuta zingasinthire kukhala zomangamanga zapamwamba pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe koyenera. Pakupanga mphamvu, madamu a dothi amagwira ntchito ngati malo osungira mphamvu zomwe madzi angagwiritse ntchito—kulamulira kuchuluka ndi kutalika kwa madzi kuti ma turbine azitha kugwira ntchito momwe akufunira. Kudalirika kwawo kumadalira pakati pa madzi osalowa madzi, fyuluta ndi njira yotulutsira madzi, kukanikizana koyenera, ndi njira yotulutsira madzi yomwe ingateteze damu ku kusefukira kwa madzi kwakukulu.
Kupatula "malo osungira madzi," madamu adothi ndi njira zopangidwa zomwe zimayendetsa bwino chitetezo, zosowa za mphamvu, ndi kasamalidwe ka madzi. Pokonzekera bwino, kugwira ntchito mwanzeru, komanso kukonza nthawi zonse, madamu adothi amatha kuthandizira kupereka mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali komanso koyera.
