Mitundu ya Chitsulo Chomwe Chimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kwambiri Pomanga Sitima
Kupanga zombo ndi gawo la uinjiniya lomwe limafuna zinthu zomwe sizimapezeka mosavuta nthawi imodzi: mphamvu yonyamula katundu, kukana dzimbiri m'malo a m'nyanja, kusasinthasintha kwa mawonekedwe ndi kuwotcherera, komanso kupanga ndi kukonza zinthu mopanda ndalama. Pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zitsulo zimakhalabe maziko a zomangamanga zamakono, makamaka zombo zamalonda, zombo zankhondo, zombo zonyamula anthu, komanso zombo zogwirira ntchito monga zombo zokoka ndi zombo zolondera. Kusankha bwino zitsulo kudzakhudza chitetezo, magwiridwe antchito, nthawi yogwirira ntchito, komanso ndalama zosamalira nthawi yonse ya moyo wa zombozo.
Nazi mitundu yodziwika bwino ya zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga sitima, pamodzi ndi zifukwa zaukadaulo zomwe chilichonse chinasankhidwira komanso m'zigawo za sitimayo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
1) Chitsulo cha Kaboni cha Kapangidwe Kakakulu
Chitsulo cha kaboni ndicho chinthu chodziwika kwambiri mumakampani otumiza katundu, makamaka pa ma shells, ma decks, ma bulkheads, mafelemu, ndi zina zamkati. Ubwino wake waukulu ndi mphamvu yake yabwino kwambiri, kupezeka kwake paliponse, komanso mtengo wake wotsika poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zina.
M'machitidwe, kupanga sitima zapamadzi kumagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chamtundu wa pamadzi chomwe chimakwaniritsa miyezo yogawa (monga ABS, DNV, LR, BV). Chitsulochi chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala olamulidwa komanso njira zina zopangira kuti chikhale cholimba mokwanira, makamaka kutentha kochepa, motero kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kusweka kwa brittle.
Komabe, chitsulo cha kaboni chili ndi chofooka chachikulu: chimatha kuzizira m'malo a m'nyanja. Chifukwa chake, zombo zachitsulo nthawi zonse zimadalira njira zotetezera dzimbiri monga zophimba zoteteza, ma anode opatulika, kapena chitetezo cha cathodic chamakono (ICCP). Kusamalira nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kuti kapangidwe kake kakhale kogwira ntchito.
2) Chitsulo Cholimba Kwambiri Chothandizira Kulemera Kwambiri
Kuwonjezera pa zitsulo zokhazikika za kaboni, zombo zambiri zamakono zimagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zolimba kwambiri (monga AH36, DH36, EH36, ndi zina zotero) m'malo omwe amafunikira mphamvu zambiri kapena kuchepetsa kulemera kwa kapangidwe kake popanda kuwononga chitetezo. Mphamvu yolimba komanso mphamvu yotulutsa zinthu zimathandiza kuti plate ichepetse makulidwe m'malo ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti sitimayo ichepetse kulemera kwake komanso kuti mafuta azigwiritsidwa ntchito bwino.
Chitsulo chamtunduwu nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, monga malo ozungulira sitima zonyamula katundu, kapena zomangamanga zazitali za sitima zazikulu. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri kumafunikanso kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri njira zowotcherera ndi kuwongolera khalidwe, chifukwa mawonekedwe ake amakanika amatha kukhudzidwa ndi kutentha (malo omwe kutentha kumakhudza) ngati sichikukonzedwa bwino.
3) Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri Cholimbana ndi Kudzimbiri m'Machitidwe Ena
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo za m'nyanja zomwe zimafuna kukana dzimbiri kwambiri, makamaka m'mapaipi, matanki, zolumikizira, ndi zida zomwe zimakumana ndi madzi a m'nyanja kapena madzi owononga. Magulu ofanana ndi awa ndi austenitic series monga 304/304L ndi 316/316L, ndipo 316 nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba kwambiri kukana dzimbiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa molybdenum.
Mu ntchito za m'madzi, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri nthawi zambiri chimasankhidwa pa:
- Mapaipi ena amadzi a m'nyanja ndi amadzi abwino
– Zipangizo zomwe zili m'malo osungiramo sitima kapena m'chipinda chachipatala (zaukhondo komanso zosavuta kuyeretsa)
- Matanki a mankhwala pa matanki a mankhwala (okhala ndi magiredi apadera malinga ndi katundu)
- Zida zomangira (maboluti, mtedza) m'malo omwe dzimbiri limakhalapo
Ngakhale kuti chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri sichimalimbana ndi dzimbiri, sichimalimbana ndi dzimbiri la mitundu yonse. M'malo okhala ndi chloride, pali chiopsezo cha dzimbiri lophulika ndi ming'alu, makamaka ngati kapangidwe ka malo olumikizirana kamapanga mipata kapena ngati pachitika kuipitsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakhala chokwera mtengo kuposa chitsulo wamba, kotero nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosankha.
4) Aluminiyamu ndi Zopangira Zake za Superstructures ndi Speedboats
Aluminiyamu (makamaka zitsulo za aluminiyamu za 5xxx ndi 6xxx zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panyanja) ndi yotchuka pa zomangamanga zapamwamba komanso zombo zothamanga kwambiri monga mabwato othamanga, maboti oyendera, kapena zombo zosangalatsa. Ubwino waukulu wa aluminiyamu ndi kukhuthala kwake kochepa kuposa chitsulo, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kulemera kwa chombo. Kuchepetsa kulemera kumeneku kumapindulitsa kukhazikika, mphamvu yonyamula katundu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta.
Aluminiyamu ilinso ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi dzimbiri chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kachilengedwe ka okosijeni. Komabe, pakugwiritsa ntchito m'madzi, chitetezo chowonjezera chimafunikirabe, makamaka kuti apewe dzimbiri la galvanic pamene aluminiyamu ikakumana ndi zitsulo zina monga chitsulo kapena mkuwa m'malo onyowa/amchere. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zotetezera kutentha, zokutira, ndi kapangidwe kolumikizira ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuwotcherera aluminiyamu kumafuna njira zapadera komanso luso. Kuwongolera kutentha, kusankha zodzaza, ndi kuwunika mtundu wa kuwotcherera ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti kapangidwe kake kakhale kolimba.
5) Mkuwa, Mkuwa, ndi Mkuwa wa Makina Opaira Mapaipi ndi Zigawo Zapadera
Zitsulo zopangidwa ndi mkuwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makina omwe amafunikira kukana dzimbiri m'madzi a m'nyanja komanso mphamvu zinazake zoletsa kuwononga zinthu. Mkuwa weniweni sugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pazida zomangira, koma zinthu monga mkuwa ndi mkuwa ndizofala kwambiri pazida zam'madzi.
Ntchito zodziwika bwino zikuphatikizapo:
- Ma valve, zolumikizira, ndi zida za pampu
- Ma bushing ndi ma bearing ena
– Choyendetsa (nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito nickel-aluminium bronze/NAB)
- Chosinthira kutentha (kutengera kapangidwe ndi zofunikira)
Bronze, makamaka mitundu ina ya aloyi, imadziwika kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri pa ma propeller a m'nyanja chifukwa cha mphamvu zake, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kukana kutsekeka kwa cavitation. Komabe, kusankha aloyi kuyenera kusinthidwa kuti kugwirizane ndi momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito, chifukwa mitundu ina ya aloyi amkuwa (makamaka mkuwa) imatha kusungunuka ngati itayikidwa m'madzi a m'nyanja kwa nthawi yayitali.
6) Nikeli ndi Zosakaniza Zake pa Malo Ovuta Kwambiri
M'zombo zomwe zili ndi zofunikira zapadera—monga zombo zoyendetsera ntchito zakunja kwa nyanja, zonyamula mankhwala ena, kapena makina a injini otentha kwambiri—zombo za nickel monga Monel kapena Inconel zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Zombo zimenezi zimapambana pakulimbana ndi dzimbiri (kuphatikizapo madzi a m'nyanja) komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha mtengo wake wokwera, ma nickel alloys nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zofunika kwambiri, monga zida zopopera, makina ena a mapaipi, kapena zida zamainjini ndi zotulutsa utsi zomwe zimakumana ndi zovuta kwambiri.
7) Titaniyamu ya Ntchito Zapadera Zamtengo Wapatali
Titaniyamu imapereka chiŵerengero chabwino kwambiri cha mphamvu ndi kulemera komanso kukana dzimbiri m'madzi a m'nyanja. Komabe, zipangizo zake zambiri komanso ndalama zopangira zimachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'zombo zamalonda. Titaniyamu imapezeka kwambiri m'magwiritsidwe ntchito ankhondo, m'mabwato a pansi pamadzi, kapena m'zigawo zina zapadera monga zosinthira kutentha m'makina ena omwe amafunikira kulimba kwambiri komanso kulemera kochepa.
Zinthu Zofunika Posankha Chitsulo cha Zombo
Ngakhale mndandanda wa zitsulo zomwe zili pamwambapa umapereka chithunzithunzi chonse, kusankha zinthu zombo sikungokhudza "chitsulo chomwe chili champhamvu kwambiri." Mainjiniya a m'madzi amaganizira zinthu zingapo zofunika, kuphatikizapo:
1. Njira zodzitetezera ndi kukana dzimbiri (kuphimba, kuyikamo madzi, kapangidwe ka madzi otuluka m'madzi)
2. Mphamvu, kulimba, ndi kukana kutopa chifukwa cha mafunde ndi kugwedezeka
3. Kusavuta kupanga (kudula, kupanga, kuwotcherera, kuyang'anira NDT)
4. Mtengo wa moyo wonse (mtengo wa zinthu + kukonza + nthawi yopuma)
5. Kutsatira malamulo ogawa magulu ndi miyezo yachitetezo
6. Kuopsa kwa dzimbiri la galvanic mu kuphatikiza kwa zitsulo zosiyana
Kutseka
Zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zombo zimasankhidwa kutengera mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa magwiridwe antchito, kukana dzimbiri, kusavuta kupanga, ndi mtengo. Zitsulo za kaboni ndi zolimba kwambiri zimakhalabe zipangizo zazikulu zopangira zombo chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo komanso kusawononga ndalama, pomwe chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, aluminiyamu, zitsulo zamkuwa, zitsulo za nickel, ndi titaniyamu zimadzaza ntchito zapadera kutengera zofunikira pa ntchito. Ndi kusankha bwino zinthu ndi kukonza bwino, zombo zimatha kugwira ntchito mosamala komanso moyenera kwa zaka zambiri, ngakhale m'malo ovuta kwambiri a m'nyanja.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti ikhale yaukadaulo kwambiri (monga kuwonjezera zitsanzo za magiredi a zitsulo za sitima, miyezo yogawa, kapena maphunziro a zitsanzo za kusankha zinthu zamitundu inayake ya sitima).
