Momwe Mungapangire Cobalt Alloy ya Turbo Engines
Ma alloy ochokera ku Cobalt amadziwika kwambiri ngati zipangizo zogwirira ntchito bwino kwambiri pazigawo za turbocharger—zonse ziwiri za turbocharger zamagalimoto ndi ma turbine a gasi—chifukwa cha kukana kutentha kwambiri, kukhuthala, dzimbiri lotentha, ndi kuwonongeka. M'malo okhala ndi turbocharger, zipangizo ziyenera kukhala zolimba pa kutentha kwambiri, kupirira kutentha kobwerezabwereza, komanso kukhalabe zokhazikika pa kapangidwe ka microstructure kuti zisasweke kapena kuwonongeka.
Komabe, kupanga ma cobalt alloys ogwiritsira ntchito makina opangira ma turbo kumaphatikizapo zambiri osati kungosakaniza cobalt ndi zinthu zina. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kapangidwe kake, kuwongolera kuyera, njira zosungunula molondola, njira zopangira kapena kupanga, kutentha, komanso kuyesa khalidwe. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zazikulu ndi mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma cobalt alloys oyenera zigawo za makina opangira ma turbo, ndi njira yaukadaulo koma yopezeka mosavuta.
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1. Kumvetsetsa zofunikira za injini ya turbo
Musanapange alloy, dziwani zofunikira pa ntchito ya zigawo za turbocharger zomwe mukufuna, monga gudumu la turbine, nozzle guide vane, nyumba, kapena zigawo zokangana. Kawirikawiri, alloy a cobalt amasankhidwa chifukwa cha:
1. Mphamvu yotentha: siifewa msanga kutentha kwambiri.
2. Kukana kwa okosijeni: sikupanga mosavuta kutumphuka komwe kumathandizira kuwonongeka mwachangu.
3. Kukana dzimbiri kutentha: ndikofunikira kwambiri ngati pali zinthu zodetsa sulfure, mchere, kapena mafuta.
4. Kukana kuvala: pa ziwalo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena kukangana.
5. Kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu: kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha kutentha ndi kutopa.
Mu injini zokhala ndi turbocharger, kutentha kumatha kukhala kokwera kwambiri, ndipo kusintha kwa kutentha mwachangu kungayambitse kupsinjika kwa kutentha. Chifukwa chake, ma alloy ayenera kukhala okhazikika komanso olimba nthawi yonse yogwira ntchito.
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2. Dziwani mtundu wa aloyi ya cobalt: banja la “Co–Cr–W” kapena “Co–Ni–Cr”
Mu mafakitale, ma alloy a cobalt nthawi zambiri amaimira mabanja monga Stellite (kawirikawiri Co–Cr–W–C) kapena mitundu ya Co–Ni–Cr yomwe imayendetsa bwino kukana dzimbiri ndi kulimba.
– Chromium (Cr): imawonjezera kukhuthala kwa okosijeni ndi kukana dzimbiri kutentha kwambiri chifukwa imathandiza kupanga gawo loteteza okosijeni.
– Tungsten (W) / Molybdenum (Mo): imawonjezera mphamvu pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kukana kuwonongeka, ndipo imalimbitsa mayankho olimba.
– Kaboni (C): imapanga ma carbide (monga M\_7C\_3, M\_23C\_6) omwe amawonjezera kukana kuwonongeka, koma ngati atapitirira muyeso angapangitse kuti zinthuzo zikhale zofooka kwambiri.
– Nickel (Ni): imawonjezera kulimba ndi kugwira ntchito bwino, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito polinganiza mphamvu za makina.
– Chitsulo (Fe): chingawoneke ngati chinthu chodetsedwa kapena chotsika mtengo chopangira alloying, koma kuchuluka kwambiri kumatha kuchepetsa kutentha kwambiri.
Pa ntchito zotentha kwambiri za turbocharger, zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi ulamuliro wokhwima pazinthu zomwe zingayambitse kulekanitsa kapena kuchepetsa kukana kwa okosijeni. Kuphatikiza pa kapangidwe kake, kuyera ndikofunikiranso: sulfure, phosphorous, mpweya, ndi nayitrogeni ziyenera kulamulidwa chifukwa zimatha kuyambitsa kusokonekera kapena kufooka kwa malire a tirigu.
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3. Kukonzekera zipangizo zopangira ndi kulamulira kuyera
Gawo loyamba lomwe nthawi zambiri limatsimikizira mtundu womaliza ndi kusankha zipangizo zopangira:
1. Cobalt yeniyeni (ingot kapena cathode) ngati maziko akuluakulu.
2. Ferrochrome kapena chromium yoyera, komanso W/Mo mu mawonekedwe a chitsulo kapena master alloy.
3. Kaboni nthawi zambiri imawonjezedwa kudzera mu aloyi wamkulu kapena zinthu zoyezedwa kuti ziwongolere kuchuluka kwa kabodi.
4. Zochotsa poizoni m'thupi (monga zinthu zina zomwe zimalumikiza mpweya) zingagwiritsidwe ntchito malinga ndi njira yogwirira ntchito.
Zipangizo zonse ziyenera kuyezedwa molondola malinga ndi kapangidwe kake. Chinyezi, dzimbiri, kapena kuipitsidwa kwa mafuta mu zipangizo zopangira zitha kuwonjezera mpweya wosungunuka ndi zinthu zina, zomwe zimachepetsa kukana kutopa kwa zigawo za turbo.
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4. Njira yosungunula: vacuum induction kapena ESR kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri
Popeza ma aloyi a cobalt a turbocharger amafuna mtundu wapamwamba, njira yosungunula nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wokhoza kuwongolera mpweya ndi zinthu zomwe zimalowa.
a) Kusungunula kwa Vacuum Induction (VIM)
Kusungunuka kwa induction mu vacuum kumathandiza:
- kuchepetsa mpweya wosungunuka ndi mpweya,
- kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa,
- imapanga kapangidwe kolondola kwambiri.
Zinthuzo pang'onopang'ono zimalowetsedwa mu crucible, kusungunuka, kenako zinthu zosakaniza zimawonjezedwa mu dongosolo kuti zisungunuke kwathunthu ndipo zisasunthike kapena kusungunuka.
b) Kuchotsa Zinyalala mu Magetsi (ESR) / Kuchotsa Zinyalala mu Vacuum Arc (VAR)
Pazinthu zofunika kwambiri, ma ingot a VIM nthawi zambiri amatsatiridwa ndi ESR kapena VAR kuti:
- kuchepetsa zinthu zomwe sizili zachitsulo,
- konzani kapangidwe ka ingot,
- kuchepetsa kulekanitsa.
ESR ndi yothandiza kwambiri pakukonza ukhondo wa zitsulo, pomwe VAR ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha ma alloys ogwira ntchito bwino omwe amafuna kufanana kwakukulu.
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5. Kuyika ndi kupanga: kuchokera ku ingot kupita ku mawonekedwe a gawo
Pambuyo posungunuka, zinthuzo zimapangidwa kukhala mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna kudzera m'njira zingapo:
a) Kuponya zinthu mwanzeru (kuponya ndalama)
Yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma geometri ovuta monga masamba ang'onoang'ono a turbine kapena zinthu zooneka bwino. Ubwino wake:
- tsatanetsatane wapamwamba,
- makina ochepa,
- ntchito yabwino yopangira.
Komabe, kuponya kumafuna kulamulira mwamphamvu kwambiri kuti ming'alu, kufupika, ndi kulekanitsa zikhale zochepa.
b) Kupangira kapena kugwira ntchito yotentha
Ngati zigawozo zilola, kupanga kungapereke:
- kapangidwe ka tirigu wokhuthala,
- makhalidwe abwino otopa,
- kupendekeka kochepa kuposa kuponyera wamba.
Ma alloy ena a cobalt ndi "ovuta kugwira ntchito" kuposa ma alloy wamba achitsulo, kotero magawo a kutentha kogwira ntchito kotentha ndi kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa kutentha ziyenera kukhala zolondola kuti kutentha kusasweke.
c) Kupangira zitsulo za ufa / HIP (Kukanikiza Kotentha Kwambiri)
Pazofunikira kwambiri (monga kuchulukana komwe kukuyandikira 100% ndi ma microstructures abwino), njira ya ufa + HIP ingakhale yabwino. Njirayi ndi yokwera mtengo, koma imachepetsa ma porosity amkati ndikuwonjezera kusinthasintha kwa mawonekedwe.
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6. Kuchiza kutentha: kumalimbitsa kapangidwe kake ka microstructure ndikukonza bwino katundu wake
Chithandizo cha kutentha cha cobalt alloys cholinga chake ndikuwongolera:
- kugawa kwa ma carbohydrate,
- kukula kwa tirigu,
- nkhawa yotsala,
- kulimba kwa mphamvu poyerekeza ndi kulimba.
Kawirikawiri, njirazi zingaphatikizepo:
1. Chithandizo cha yankho kuti musungunule magawo ena ndikulinganiza kapangidwe kake.
2. Kukalamba kuti kupange ma precipitates/carbides olamulidwa kuti awonjezere mphamvu ndi kuuma.
3. Kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kotsalira chifukwa cha njira zopangira, kukonza, kapena kuwotcherera.
Magawo a kutentha ndi nthawi ayenera kutsimikiziridwa kutengera kapangidwe kake, chifukwa alloy iliyonse imayankha mosiyana ndi chithandizo cha kutentha.
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7. Kukonza, kumaliza ndi kuphimba (ngati mukufuna)
Ma alloy a Cobalt nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kuwapanga chifukwa ndi olimba, osavuta kuwagwiritsa ntchito, komanso osatentha. Njira zodziwika bwino ndi izi:
- gwiritsani ntchito zida zoyenera (kabodi kapena mtundu winawake),
- kuziziritsa ndi kuchepetsa liwiro,
- kuchepetsa kugwedezeka.
Kuti zinthu ziwonjezeke nthawi yogwira ntchito m'malo otentha kwambiri, nthawi zina zinthu za turbo zimakonzedwa ndi zokutira zoteteza kutentha (monga zophimba kutentha) kapena zoteteza kutentha m'malo enaake. Kugwiritsa ntchito zokutira kuyenera kuganizira momwe ma coefficients okulitsa magetsi amagwirizanirana ndi kumatirira kuti asatseguke panthawi ya kutentha.
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8. Kuyesa kwabwino: kuonetsetsa kuti malo okhala ndi turbo ndi oyenera
Popeza ma turbo amagwira ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, kuyesa kwabwino sikunganyalanyazidwe. Mayeso wamba ndi awa:
- Kusanthula kwa mankhwala (OES/XRF) kuti zitsimikizire kapangidwe kake kolondola.
- Kuyesa kwa microstructure (metallographic) kuti muwone ngati pali ma carbide, ma porosity, kulekanitsa, ndi kukula kwa tirigu.
- Kuyesa kuuma ndi kukoka kutentha kwa chipinda, ndipo ngati kuli kofunikira, kutentha kokwera.
- Kuyesa kutopa ndi kufooka kwa ntchito zapamwamba za turbine.
– NDT (Kuyesa Kosawononga) monga x-ray, ultrasound, kapena penetrant kuti azindikire zolakwika zamkati/pamwamba.
Zigawo za turbo zimafuna kusinthasintha kwakukulu; ngakhale zolakwika zazing'ono zimatha kukhala ming'alu ikagwira ntchito pa liwiro lapamwamba.
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9. Mbiri ya chitetezo ndi kutsata malamulo m'makampani
Cobalt ndi zina mwa zinthu zake zosakaniza zimafuna chisamaliro cha K3:
- fumbi la cobalt lochokera ku kugaya lingakhale loopsa ngati litapumidwa,
- njira yosungunula zinthu yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu,
- zinyalala ndi zinyalala ziyenera kusamalidwa motsatira malamulo okhudza chilengedwe.
Pamlingo wa mafakitale, kupanga ma alloys a zida za turbo nthawi zambiri kumatsatira miyezo yapamwamba ndi machitidwe oyang'anira (monga miyezo ya zinthu, njira za NDT, manambala a kutentha otsatizana), chifukwa chitetezo ndi kudalirika ndiye zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
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Mapeto
Kupanga ma aloyi a cobalt a turbomachinery ndi njira yomwe imaphatikiza kapangidwe kake ndi kuwongolera kwambiri njira zopangira zitsulo. Njira zazikulu zikuphatikizapo kudziwa zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito, kapangidwe ka aloyi (kawirikawiri Co-Cr kutengera ndi zowonjezera za W/Mo, Ni, ndi C), kusungunuka kwapamwamba kwambiri (VIM/ESR/VAR), kupanga kudzera mu precision casting/forging/HIP, kutentha kuti kukhazikitse microstructure, ndi kuyesa mokwanira kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthuzo zili zokonzeka kupirira kutentha kwambiri ndi katundu.
Ndi njira yoyenera, ma cobalt alloys amatha kupereka kuphatikiza kwabwino kwa kutentha, okosijeni, dzimbiri lotentha, komanso kukana kuvala - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri cha zida za turbo zomwe zimafuna kudalirika kwa nthawi yayitali.
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Ngati mukufuna, nditha kupanga mitundu yeniyeni ya ma turbocharger a magalimoto (kutentha ndi mikhalidwe yosiyana) kapena ma turbine a gasi a mafakitale, kuphatikiza zitsanzo za "maupangiri" a alloy, njira yoyenera kwambiri yopangira, ndi mitundu yovomerezeka ya mayeso a gawo lililonse.
