Mitundu ya Zitsulo Zosatentha Zomwe Zingagwiritsidwe Ntchito mu Ma Jet Engines
Ma injini a jet amagwira ntchito m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Kutentha kwa mpweya wotulutsa utsi m'gawo la turbine kumatha kupitirira 1.000°C, pomwe zigawo ziyenera kukhala zolimba pansi pa katundu wozungulira kwambiri, kupsinjika kwakukulu, komanso kukhudzidwa ndi okosijeni ndi dzimbiri kuchokera ku mpweya wotentha. Chifukwa chake, kusankha chitsulo cha injini ya jet si nkhani yongofuna "kusasungunuka," komanso kusunga mphamvu zamakanika kutentha kwambiri, kukana kuyandama, kutopa kwa kutentha, ndi kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mitundu ya zitsulo zosagwira kutentha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma injini a jet ndi zifukwa zaukadaulo zomwe zimasankhidwira.
1. Ma superalloy okhala ndi nickel
Ma superalloy okhala ndi nickel ndi "nyenyezi" za malo otentha a injini za jet, makamaka masamba a turbine, vanes, ndi ma disc ena. Ma alloy amenewa amapangidwa kuti akhale olimba kutentha kwambiri komwe kumayandikira malire a zitsulo zomangira.
N’chifukwa chiyani nickel ndi yabwino kwambiri? Nickel ili ndi kapangidwe kokhazikika ka kristalo pa kutentha kwambiri ndipo imatha kusakanikirana ndi zinthu zina kuti iwonjezere mphamvu. Kulimbitsa kwakukulu nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku gamma-prime (γ') phase precipitates, nthawi zambiri kutengera Ni₃(Al,Ti), yomwe imakana kusuntha kwa dislocation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale zolimba pa kutentha kwambiri.
Zitsanzo za alloys ndi ntchito:
– Inconel 718: Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazigawo za compressor back, ma casing, ndi zina mwa turbine chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yayikulu komanso kusavuta kupanga, ngakhale kuti kutentha kwake kogwiritsidwa ntchito kuli kotsika poyerekeza ndi ma superalloy amakono a turbine.
– Rene, CMSX, ndi ma alloy a single-crystal: Pa masamba oyambirira a turbine, ma superalloy opangidwa ndi directional solidification kapena single-crystal technology nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kapangidwe ka single-crystal kamachepetsa malire a tirigu, motero kumawonjezera kwambiri kukana kutopa ndi kutentha.
Zochulukira:
- Yamphamvu pa kutentha kwambiri
- Imateteza kutentha ndi kutopa
- Ikhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi zokutira zotsutsana ndi okosijeni
Kukonzekera:
- Yokwera mtengo komanso yovuta kuikonza
- Kulemera kwambiri (kolemera)
- Imafuna njira zoyendetsera bwino komanso kuwongolera khalidwe
2. Ma superalloy okhala ndi Cobalt
Ma superalloy ochokera ku Cobalt amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'malo otentha, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mochepa kuposa nickel. Ma alloy a Cobalt nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kukana kutentha ndi dzimbiri komanso kutopa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale oyenera pazinthu zina monga ma combustor liners, nozzle guide vanes, kapena zigawo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kukangana kwamphamvu komanso okosijeni.
Makhalidwe Aakulu:
- Yolimba ku okosijeni ndi dzimbiri la kutentha
- Yokhazikika kutentha kwambiri pansi pa mikhalidwe ina
- Kukana kuvala bwino mu ntchito zina
Chofunika kudziwa: Mapangidwe ambiri a injini zamakono za jet amadalira ma nickel superalloys kuti azitha kutentha kwambiri, pomwe cobalt imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene zinthu zapamwamba, kukana dzimbiri, kapena zofunikira zina ndizofunikira kwambiri.
3. Ma aloyi a titaniyamu (ma aloyi a titaniyamu)
Titaniyamu imadziwika bwino chifukwa cha chiŵerengero chake chabwino kwambiri cha mphamvu ndi kulemera. Mu injini za jet, titaniyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zigawo zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kochepa kuposa ma turbine, monga mafani, ma compressor oyambira mpaka pakati, ndi zida zothandizira.
Malire a kutentha: Ma aloyi a titanium nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito bwino mpaka pafupifupi 300–600°C (kutengera mtundu wa aloyi ndi momwe zinthu zilili), kotero sagwiritsidwa ntchito mbali yotentha kwambiri ya turbine. Komabe, chifukwa compressor imakumananso ndi kutentha kwakukulu, titanium imagwirabe ntchito yofunika kwambiri pochepetsa kulemera konse kwa injini.
Chitsanzo: Ti-6Al-4V ndi imodzi mwa titaniyamu zodziwika bwino kwambiri mumakampani opanga ndege, makamaka pazinthu ndi zomangamanga za compressor zomwe zimafuna kupepuka koma mphamvu.
Zochulukira:
- Yopepuka, yamphamvu, komanso yolimba ndi dzimbiri
- Amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimazungulira kotero kuti kugwira ntchito bwino kumawonjezeka
Kukonzekera:
- Sikoyenera malo otentha kwambiri a turbine
– Zitha kuwononga/kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ngati kutentha kwa kapangidwe kake kwapitirira malire ake.
4. Chitsulo chosagwira kutentha ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (Zitsulo zosagwira kutentha ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri)
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zosakanikirana ndi kutentha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo za injini ya jet zomwe zimafuna kukana okosijeni ndi mphamvu yapakati pa kutentha kwapakati, komanso kukhala zotsika mtengo kuposa ma superalloy.
Aplikasi umum:
- Mabokosi ena, mapaipi, zomangira, ndi zinthu zothandizira
– Gawo lotulutsa utsi kapena kapangidwe kakunja kali ndi kutentha kotsika kuposa turbine yayikulu.
Zochulukira:
- Yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta kukonza
- Kukana dzimbiri kuli bwino kwambiri (kutengera mtundu wake)
Kukonzekera:
– Mphamvu yotentha kwambiri komanso kukana kukwawa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa poyerekeza ndi ma superalloys.
- Sikoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zida zoyambira za turbine
5. Ma alloy okhala ndi nickel-iron ndi ma alloy apadera (monga Incoloy)
Kuwonjezera pa ma superalloy enieni a nickel, palinso ma alloy a nickel-iron omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akwaniritse bwino pakati pa kukana kutentha, mphamvu, kukana dzimbiri, ndi luso lopanga. Ma alloy monga Incoloy nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo zomwe zimafuna kukana dzimbiri ndi okosijeni koma sizimakumana ndi kutentha kwambiri.
Udindo mu injini za jet:
- Zinthu zozungulira chipinda choyaka moto kapena njira zina zotenthetsera mpweya
- Zigawo zomwe zimafuna kukhazikika kwa kukula ndi kukana okosijeni
6. Tantalum, molybdenum, ndi tungsten (Zitsulo zotsutsa)
Zitsulo zotsutsa mpweya monga tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), ndi tantalum (Ta) zimakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri. M'malingaliro, zimakopa kwambiri malo otentha. Komabe, mu injini zogwira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumakhala kocheperako chifukwa cha zoletsa zingapo: kuchuluka kwambiri (makamaka kwa tungsten), zovuta kupanga, komanso kuthekera kwa okosijeni kutentha kwambiri popanda chitetezo chapadera.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kochepa:
- Nthawi zina ngati chinthu chophatikiza mu superalloys kuti chiwonjezere mphamvu yotentha.
- Ntchito zapadera pazigawo zina, kafukufuku wazinthu, kapena zigawo zomwe zimafuna kukana kutentha kwambiri pamalo olamulidwa.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zitsulo zotsutsa nthawi zambiri "zimapezeka" osati ngati zinthu zazikulu za zigawo zazikulu, koma ngati zinthu zolimbitsa mu alloys zamakono.
7. Zophimba Zoteteza Kutentha (TBC) ndi machitidwe
Ngakhale kuti si "zitsulo zoyambira," palibe kukambirana za zitsulo zosatentha zomwe zili mu injini za jet komwe kungakhale kokwanira popanda kunena kuti zigawo zotentha kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimadalira zokutira. Masamba ambiri a turbine amapangidwa ndi ma nickel superalloys pogwiritsa ntchito:
– Bond coat (monga MCrAlY, pomwe M = Ni/Co) yotsutsana ndi okosijeni
- Zoumba za TBC (monga yttria-stabilized zirconia/YSZ) kuti muchepetse kutentha kwa chitsulo choyambira
Kuphatikiza kwa ma superalloy, kuzizira kwamkati, ndi zokutira zimathandiza kuti mpweya ukhale wotentha kwambiri kuposa momwe zitsulo zokha zingagwirire ntchito. Iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yowonjezerera magwiridwe antchito a injini zamakono za jet.
8. Zofunikira posankha zitsulo zosagwira kutentha za injini za jet
Pakupanga injini ya jet, "kukana kutentha" kumatanthauza kukwaniritsa zofunikira zingapo nthawi imodzi:
1. Mphamvu yotentha kwambiri: Sizimataya mphamvu kwambiri ikatentha.
2. Kukana kugwedezeka: Kutha kupirira kusinthika kosatha pamene kukuvutitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kutentha kwambiri.
3. Kukana kusungunuka ndi dzimbiri lotentha: Sizimawonongeka msanga ndi mpweya wotentha.
4. Kukana kutopa ndi kutentha: Kutha kupirira kutentha kobwerezabwereza komanso kuzizira.
5. Mphamvu zopangira ndi kukonza: Zitha kupangidwa, kupangidwa, kulumikizidwa/kukonzedwa, komanso kulamulidwa bwino.
6. Kulemera ndi mtengo: Zofunika kwambiri pakuchita bwino komanso kusunga ndalama.
Mapeto
Zitsulo zosagwira kutentha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini za jet si za mtundu umodzi, koma ndi gulu la zinthu zomwe zasankhidwa kutengera madera otentha komanso ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma superalloy ochokera ku nickel amalamulira madera otentha kwambiri, monga ma turbine, chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zapamwamba kutentha komanso kukana kukwera, pomwe ma cobalt superalloy amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zinazake zomwe zimafuna dzimbiri kutentha ndi kukana kuwonongeka. Titanium imasankhidwa pa ma compressor ndi zigawo zozizira chifukwa ndi yopepuka kwambiri koma yamphamvu, pomwe zitsulo zosagwira kutentha ndi ma nickel-iron alloys zimakwaniritsa zosowa zapakati kutentha ndi mtengo wabwino komanso zosavuta kupanga. Koposa zonse, zokutira zotchinga kutentha ndi mapangidwe ozizira ndi zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimathandiza injini zamakono za jet kugwira ntchito pa kutentha kwambiri kwa gasi.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kukhala yaukadaulo kwambiri (ndi zitsanzo za zigawo zinazake pagawo lililonse: fan–compressor–combustor–turbine–exhaust) kapena mtundu wosavuta kwa owerenga onse.
