Mitundu ya Zitsulo Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kupanga Zigawo za Pakompyuta
Makompyuta omwe timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse amaoneka ngati gulu labwino la zamagetsi: bokosi, sikirini, kiyibodi, ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zolumikizira mkati. Komabe, pansi pa zonsezi pali "msana" wa zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa chipangizocho kukhala chokhazikika, cholimba, komanso chokhoza kuyendetsa magetsi ndi kutentha bwino. Chimodzi mwa magulu ofunikira kwambiri popanga zigawo za makompyuta ndi chitsulo. Zitsulo zimasankhidwa chifukwa cha mphamvu yawo yabwino yamagetsi ndi kutentha, mphamvu ya makina, kusinthasintha, komanso kukana dzimbiri (kutengera mtundu). Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mitundu ya zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zigawo za makompyuta, ntchito zawo, komanso chifukwa chake ndizo zomwe makampaniwa amasankha kwambiri.
1. Mkuwa
Mkuwa ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwirizana ndi dziko la zamagetsi. Chifukwa chake n'chodziwikiratu: mkuwa uli ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti uzitha kuyendetsa magetsi bwino komanso kuchepetsa kutaya mphamvu. Mu makompyuta, mkuwa umapezeka kwambiri mu:
– Ma track pa PCB (Printed Circuit Board): Zigawo zamkuwa zimapanga "zotsalira" zomwe zimalumikiza zigawo zamagetsi.
– Zingwe ndi zolumikizira: Zingwe zamagetsi, zingwe za data, ndi zolumikizira nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ma cores amkuwa.
– Heatsink ndi chitoliro chotenthetsera: Popeza mkuwa uli ndi kutentha kwambiri, umasamutsa bwino kutentha kuchokera ku CPU/GPU kupita ku zipsepse zoziziritsira.
Vuto la mkuwa ndi mtengo wake wokwera kuposa aluminiyamu komanso kulemera kwake kolemera. Komabe, kuti pakhale kutentha koyenera komanso mphamvu yotumizira mphamvu, mkuwa umakhalabe muyezo.
2. Aluminiyamu
Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa ndi yopepuka, yamphamvu, yotsika mtengo, komanso yolimba ndi dzimbiri (chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kachilengedwe ka okosijeni). Mu zida zamakompyuta, aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu:
- Mabokosi a laputopu ndi makompyuta: Amapereka mphamvu yomanga popanda kuwonjezera kulemera kowonjezera.
– Heatsink: Ngakhale kuti kutentha kwake kuli kotsika kuposa mkuwa, aluminiyamu imapangidwa mosavuta kukhala zipsepse zopyapyala zomwe zimawonjezera malo otayira kutentha.
– Mafelemu ndi mabulaketi a zigawo: Mwachitsanzo, ma mounts a HDD/SSD kapena mafelemu a PSU.
Chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa kutentha, mtengo, ndi kulemera, aluminiyamu yakhala chitsulo chomwe chimakondedwa kwambiri popanga makompyuta amakono, makamaka ma laputopu.
3. Golide
Golide amadziwika kuti ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali, koma ntchito yake pa makompyuta si "zapamwamba" zokha. Golide amagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa:
- Mphamvu yabwino yamagetsi
- Yolimba kwambiri ku dzimbiri ndi okosijeni
- Kulumikizana kwamagetsi kokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali
Golide nthawi zambiri amapezeka ngati chophimba chopyapyala (golide wophimba) pa ma connector pin, monga zolumikizira za RAM, malo olumikizira ma PCIe, zolumikizira zina za chingwe, ndi zolumikizira za CPU. Ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira ziwonongeka mosavuta, kusokoneza kwa chizindikiro kumatha kuchitika, zomwe zimayambitsa zolakwika, komanso kuletsa chipangizocho kuti chisadziwike. Chophimba chagolide chimathandiza kusunga bwino kulumikizana kwa magetsi, makamaka m'malo omwe amakumana ndi kukangana pafupipafupi pakuyika ndi kuchotsa.
4. Siliva
Siliva ili ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zambiri kuposa zitsulo, kuposa mkuwa. Komabe, ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo imatha kuipitsidwa (kuda) chifukwa cha sulfure yomwe imabwera mumlengalenga. Ngakhale zili choncho, siliva imagwiritsidwabe ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zapadera, monga:
- Ma phala ena oyendetsera ndi osungunula
- Kulumikizana kwamagetsi kogwira ntchito kwambiri
- Zigawo zina kapena zigawo zina mu zipangizo zina zimafuna kukana kochepa kwambiri.
Kawirikawiri pazigawo za kompyuta, siliva nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi mkuwa kapena aluminiyamu chifukwa cha mtengo wake.
5. Chitini
Tin imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusokedwa. Solder ndi chitsulo cholumikizira chomwe chimalumikiza zida zamagetsi ndi ma circuit board osindikizidwa. Kale, solder inali ndi lead yambiri, koma makampani a zamagetsi tsopano asintha kukhala solders zopanda lead, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi tin ndi zitsulo zina monga siliva ndi mkuwa.
Makompyuta amakono ali ndi malo ambiri olumikizirana, makamaka pamabolodi a amayi ndi makadi ojambula. Ubwino wa malo olumikizirana ndi wofunikira kwambiri kuti chipangizo chikhale chodalirika: kusagwirizana bwino kwa malo olumikizirana kungayambitse kusweka kwa maulumikizidwe (makamaka chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kuzizira), zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto monga "kusawonetsa," kuyambitsanso chipangizo pafupipafupi, kapena kulephera kwadzidzidzi kwa madoko.
6. Faifi tambala
Nickel nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chophimba choteteza komanso cholimbitsa zinthu pazigawo zambiri. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuwonjezera kukana dzimbiri ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zamakina pamalo. Zitsanzo za kugwiritsa ntchito nickel m'zigawo zamakompyuta ndi izi:
- Kupaka pa cholumikizira (nthawi zambiri ngati gawo loyambira lisanayambe golide)
- Kupaka pa heatsink kapena mbali zina kuti apewe okosijeni
- Kusakaniza kwa zitsulo zosiyanasiyana
Nickel ndi yofunika kwambiri mumakampani opanga ma electroplating, chifukwa imathandiza kupanga malo olimba komanso olimba.
7. Chitsulo ndi Chitsulo (Chitsulo ndi Chitsulo)
Ngakhale makompyuta amafanana ndi "zigawo zazing'ono zamagetsi," kapangidwe kake kamagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chitsulo ndi chitsulo. Chitsulo ndi aloyi yachitsulo yokhala ndi mpweya wowonjezera ndi zinthu zina kuti iwonjezere mphamvu. Mu makompyuta, chitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa:
- Chikwama cha PC cha pakompyuta
- Zomangira, mabulaketi, ndi zoteteza zigawo
- Zigawo zamkati mwa PSU (Power Supply Unit)
Chitsulo/chitsulo chili ndi ubwino pankhani ya mphamvu ndi mtengo wake, ngakhale kuti n’cholemera kwambiri ndipo chimatha kuwononga ngati sichinaphimbidwe. Chifukwa chake, ziwalo zachitsulo nthawi zambiri zimapakidwa utoto, galvanized, kapena zina.
8. Zinki
Zinc nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chophimba choteteza (galvanization) pa chitsulo kuti chipewe dzimbiri. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu alloys monga:
– Mkuwa: aloyi wa mkuwa ndi zinc, womwe nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zomangira, ma motherboard standoffs, ndi zolumikizira zina chifukwa ndi wolimba komanso wosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri.
– Die-casting alloy (monga Zamak): imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimafuna mawonekedwe enieni, mphamvu zokwanira, komanso kupanga zinthu zambiri motchipa.
Zinc siioneka kawirikawiri ndi wogwiritsa ntchito, koma imathandiza kwambiri kuti makina azikhala olimba komanso kuti chinthucho chikhale ndi moyo wautali.
9. Cobalt
Cobalt nthawi zambiri imakambidwa pankhani ya mabatire, makamaka m'mabatire a lithiamu-ion omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makompyuta apakompyuta. Mafakitale ena amagetsi amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi cobalt (monga LCO kapena NMC) kuti awonjezere kukhazikika ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Ngakhale kuti si "chitsulo" chomwe chili ngati chigoba, cobalt ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri la zinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi za batire.
Chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa zinthu komanso mavuto okhudzana ndi migodi, makampaniwa akupitiliza kupanga mabatire okhala ndi cobalt yochepa, koma cobalt ikadali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'mabatire ambiri.
10. Tantalum (Tantalum)
Tantalum nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma capacitor a tantalum, omwe ndi zinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimasunga ndikukhazikitsa mphamvu zamagetsi. Mtundu uwu wa capacitor umadziwika ndi:
- Kakang'ono kakang'ono komanso kokwanira
- Yokhazikika pa kutentha kwinakwake
- Yodalirika pa mabwalo amphamvu
Ma capacitor a Tantalum amapezeka kwambiri m'ma motherboard, makadi ojambula zithunzi, ndi zida zowerengera zazing'ono. Komabe, chifukwa tantalum imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mavuto a "mgwirizano wa mchere" (m'maunyolo ena ogulitsa), opanga akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mfundo zolimba zopezera zinthu.
Kutseka
Kupanga zigawo za makompyuta ndi kuphatikiza kwa ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso kusankha zinthu zapadera kwambiri. Mkuwa umapambana panjira zamagetsi komanso kusamutsa kutentha, aluminiyamu ndi yabwino kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zopepuka komanso zotenthetsera, golide ndi nikeli zimasunga kulumikizana kwabwino, tini imapanga msana wa solder, ndipo chitsulo chimapereka mphamvu yamakina ku chassis. Komabe, zitsulo monga cobalt ndi tantalum zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamabatire ndikuthandizira zigawo zamagetsi. Kumvetsetsa mitundu ya zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makompyuta kumatithandiza kuwona kuti zipangizo zamagetsi si "ma chips" okha ndi "mapulogalamu," komanso ntchito zovuta zaukadaulo wazinthu zamafakitale.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kuwonjezera gawo lodzipereka lofotokoza za zitsulo pa gawo lililonse (CPU, GPU, RAM, motherboard, SSD/HDD, PSU, ndi bokosi) kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yokonzedwa bwino ngati gawo lophunzirira.
