Ma turbine a nthunzi m'mafakitale amagetsi
Ma turbine a nthunzi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga magetsi, makamaka m'mafakitale amphamvu oyendetsedwa ndi nthunzi (PLTU) ndi m'mafakitale ena osiyanasiyana otentha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha popanga magetsi. Chipangizochi chimagwira ntchito posintha mphamvu ya kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwa nthunzi ya madzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina monga kuzungulira kwa shaft, komwe kumayendetsa jenereta kuti ipange magetsi. Chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito bwino komanso kukhwima kwaukadaulo, ma turbine a nthunzi amakhalabe msana wa machitidwe ambiri amagetsi padziko lonse lapansi, kaya amayendetsedwa ndi malasha, gasi (kudzera mu ma cycle ophatikizana), biomass, geothermal , kapena nyukiliya.
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya turbine ya nthunzi
Mwachidule, turbine ya nthunzi imagwira ntchito motsatira mfundo yosinthira mphamvu. Madzi amatenthedwa mu boiler mpaka atakhala nthunzi yothamanga kwambiri komanso yotentha kwambiri. Nthunzi iyi imayendetsedwa kupita ku turbine kudzera mu mzere waukulu wa nthunzi. Nthunzi ikalowa mu turbine, imakula kudzera mu nozzle ndi masamba. Kukula kumeneku kumayambitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu: kuthamanga ndi mphamvu ya kutentha kwa nthunzi zimasanduka mphamvu ya kinetic (kayendedwe ka nthunzi), komwe kumasanduka mphamvu yamakina pokankhira masamba a turbine, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti rotor izungulire.
Rotor imazungulira limodzi ndi turbine shaft, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi jenereta. Jenereta imagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya electromagnetic induction kuti ipange magetsi . Pambuyo podutsa mu turbine step, kuthamanga kwa nthunzi ndi kutentha kumatsika. Kenako nthunzi imapita ku condenser, komwe imabwezeretsedwanso m'madzi, kenako nkupopedwa kubwerera ku boiler. Njira imeneyi imadziwika kuti Rankine cycle ndipo imapanga maziko a magetsi ambiri ochokera ku turbine ya nthunzi.
Zigawo zazikulu za makina a turbine ya nthunzi
Ngakhale kuti turbine ya nthunzi imawoneka ngati makina akuluakulu, dongosololi lili ndi zigawo zambiri zolumikizidwa:
1. Boiler kapena jenereta ya nthunzi
Amapanga nthunzi yothamanga kwambiri komanso yotentha kwambiri. Ubwino wa nthunzi (kuthamanga, kutentha, ndi chinyezi) umakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a turbine komanso nthawi yake yogwira ntchito.
2. Nthunzi ya turbine (gawo lalikulu)
Yopangidwa ndi rotor, casing, nozzle, ndi masamba a turbine. Kapangidwe ka tsamba ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo kumatsimikizira momwe turbine imasinthira mphamvu ya nthunzi kukhala yozungulira.
3. Bwanamkubwa ndi dongosolo lowongolera
Amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa nthunzi yomwe imalowa mu turbine kudzera mu valavu yowongolera, ndikusunga liwiro lozungulira lokhazikika ngakhale katundu wamagetsi atasintha.
4. Jenereta
Amasintha mphamvu ya makina ya shaft kukhala mphamvu zamagetsiLiwiro la kuzungulira kwa turbine liyenera kufanana ndi ma frequency a system, mwachitsanzo 50 Hz ku Indonesia.
5. Chokonzetsera
Kuziziritsa nthunzi ya utsi wa turbine kukhala madzi (condensate). Condenser imathandiza kupanga mphamvu yochepa (vacuum) pamalo otulukira turbine kuti nthunzi ikule bwino ndikuwonjezera mphamvu.
6. Pampu yamadzi operekera chakudya ndi chotenthetsera
Kubwezeretsa madzi mu boiler ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya chomera pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kotsala.
Mitundu ya ma turbine a nthunzi
Ma turbine a nthunzi amatha kugawidwa m'magulu kutengera mbali zingapo:
1. Kutengera mfundo ya kutengeka maganizo ndi kuchitapo kanthu
– Mpweya wothamanga: nthunzi imathamanga mu nozzle, kenako imagunda masamba a rotor. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa kuthamanga kumachitika pa nozzle.
– Reaction turbine: kukula kumachitika mu stator ndi rotor. Mu kapangidwe kameneka, masamba a rotor amagwiranso ntchito ngati nozzles.
M'machitidwe, ma turbine amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa kukakamiza ndi kuchitapo kanthu ndi kasinthidwe kokhazikika.
2. Kutengera ndi mulingo wa kuthamanga (HP, IP, LP)
Mu mafakitale akuluakulu amagetsi, turbine nthawi zambiri imagawidwa m'magawo angapo:
– HP (Kupanikizika Kwambiri): imalandira nthunzi yothamanga kwambiri kuchokera ku boiler.
– IP (Kupanikizika Kwapakati): imalandira nthunzi yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa HP, nthawi zambiri ikatha kutenthedwanso.
– LP (Kupanikizika Kochepa): gawo lomaliza lokhala ndi kupanikizika kochepa, nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi masamba ataliatali kwambiri komanso mainchesi akuluakulu.
Kugawa kumeneku kumathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu komanso kuchepetsa chinyezi cha nthunzi pamapeto pake zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa tsamba.
3. Kutengera ndi komwe madzi akuyenda
– Kuyenda kwa nthunzi (kofala kwambiri): kuyenda kwa nthunzi motsatira mzere.
– Kuyenda kwa ma radial: nthunzi imapita molunjika ku axis; si yofala kwambiri pa mafakitale akuluakulu opangira magetsi.
Udindo wa ma turbine a nthunzi pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino malo opangira magetsi
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa chomera cha nthunzi kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri, koma turbine imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri chifukwa imagwira ntchito ngati "mlatho" pakati pa mphamvu ya kutentha ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Njira zina zowonjezera mphamvu zokhudzana ndi ma turbine ndi izi:
– Kuonjezera kuthamanga ndi kutentha kwa nthunzi yoyamba: pamene nthunzi ikukwera, mphamvu zambiri zimatha kuchotsedwa. Zomera zowunikira kwambiri komanso zowunikira kwambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito nthunzi yambiri kuti ziwonjezere magwiridwe antchito.
– Kutenthetsanso: nthunzi yotuluka mu turbine ya HP imatenthedwanso kenako imalowa mu turbine ya IP/LP, kuchepetsa chinyezi mu gawo lomaliza ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yogwira ntchito.
– Kutenthetsa madzi obwezeretsa mphamvu: nthunzi ina imachotsedwa mu turbine kuti itenthetse madzi owonjezera mphamvu, kuchepetsa kutentha pa boiler ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito onse.
- Kusunga vacuum ya condenser: kupanikizika kochepa mu condenser kumawonjezera chiŵerengero cha kukulitsa kwa turbine kotero kuti ntchito ya turbine ikule.
Kupatula kapangidwe ka thermodynamic, kugwira ntchito bwino kumakhudzidwanso ndi ukhondo wa tsamba, kulinganiza bwino kwa rotor, momwe chisindikizo chilili, komanso kulondola kwa makina owongolera.
Mavuto okhudza ntchito ndi kukonza
Ma turbine a nthunzi amagwira ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri: kutentha kwambiri, kupanikizika kwambiri, ndi liwiro lalikulu lozungulira. Chifukwa chake, kukonza ndikofunikira. Mavuto ena ofala ndi awa:
1. Kuwonongeka ndi dzimbiri kwa tsamba
Zimachitika makamaka mu gawo la LP chifukwa cha chinyezi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Kapangidwe komaliza ka siteji ndi ubwino wa madzi a boiler/chemistry ziyenera kusungidwa kuti zichepetse kuwonongeka.
2. Kugwedezeka ndi kusalinganika kwa rotor
Kugwedezeka kungayambike chifukwa cha kusakhazikika bwino, kusalinganika bwino, kuwonongeka kwa mabearing, kapena kusakhazikika kwa kayendedwe ka nthunzi. Kuyang'anira kugwedezeka ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha thanzi la turbine.
3. Kuwonongeka kwa mabearing ndi mafuta
Dongosolo lopaka mafuta liyenera kukhala loyera komanso lokhazikika. Kuipitsidwa ndi mafuta kungayambitse kuwonongeka mwachangu ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo chogwa.
4. Kutopa ndi kutentha
Kuyimitsa ntchito nthawi zambiri (monga chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa katundu) kungayambitse kutopa kwa zinthu. Chifukwa chake, njira zotenthetsera ndi zoyambira ziyenera kutsatira miyezo kuti kutentha kusamasinthe mwachangu.
5. Kutulutsa madzi otseka chitseko
Kutuluka kwa nthunzi pa seal kungachepetse kugwira ntchito bwino ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta pa kWh.
Mwa kukhazikitsa kukonza kogwirizana ndi momwe zinthu zilili, masensa amakono (kugwedeza, kutentha, kuthamanga, ndi kusanthula mafuta) komanso kuwunika pafupipafupi, ma turbine amatha kuyendetsedwa mosamala komanso mopanda ndalama zambiri.
Ma turbine a nthunzi ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu
Pankhani ya kusintha kwa mphamvu, ma turbine a nthunzi amakhalabe ofunika. Malo opangira mphamvu za biomass ndi geothermal amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma turbine a nthunzi. Mu malo opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya, ma turbine a nthunzi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri chifukwa kutentha kuchokera ku reactor kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga nthunzi yomwe imatembenuza turbine. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo opangira mphamvu zozungulira, kutentha kwa utsi kuchokera ku turbine ya gasi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga nthunzi mu Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), yomwe imayendetsa turbine ya nthunzi kuti iwonjezere mphamvu ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Ma turbine a nthunzi akuyambanso kugwira ntchito pa lingaliro la kusinthasintha kwa makina, mwachitsanzo kuthekera kotsatira bwino katundu, kuphatikiza ndi malo osungira kutentha, komanso kuwongolera bwino kwa digito kuti ayankhe kusintha kwa katundu chifukwa cha kulowa kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso.
Mapeto
Turbine ya nthunzi ndi makina osinthira mphamvu omwe amasintha nthunzi yothamanga kwambiri kukhala makina ozungulira kuti apange magetsi. Mothandizidwa ndi boiler, condenser, pump, ndi control system, turbine ya nthunzi imapanga maziko a Rankine cycle, dongosolo lomwe lakhala lodalirika kwa zaka zoposa zana. Mitundu ya turbine ndi ma configurations—kaya impulse kapena reaction, kapena HP-IP-LP split—apangidwa kuti awonjezere magwiridwe antchito pamene akusunga kudalirika. Ngakhale kuti pali zovuta monga kukokoloka kwa tsamba, kugwedezeka, ndi kutopa kwa kutentha, ma turbine a nthunzi akadali ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana amagetsi, kuphatikizapo omwe amathandizira kusintha kwa mphamvu. Ndi kukonza bwino komanso kupanga zinthu zatsopano pazipangizo ndi zowongolera, ma turbine a nthunzi apitilizabe kuchita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupereka magetsi mokhazikika komanso moyenera.
