Zomera Zamagetsi Zamagetsi Zamagetsi Mu Mphamvu Yongowonjezedwanso
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi (HPP) ndi imodzi mwa mphamvu zakale kwambiri zongowonjezwdwa zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito ndipo ikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwa mphamvu yoyera. Pakati pa kufunikira kwa magetsi kowonjezereka, kukula kwa mafakitale, komanso kufunikira kochepetsa mpweya woipa, mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi ndi yankho lofunikira chifukwa imatha kupanga magetsi pamlingo waukulu ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri wogwira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wamagetsi yamadzi ndi wachikulire ndipo ukhoza kupereka magetsi modalirika kuposa magwero ena amagetsi ongowonjezwdwa omwe amadalira nyengo.
Momwe Mphamvu ya Magesi Yogwiritsa Ntchito Madzi Imagwirira Ntchito: Kusintha Mphamvu ya Madzi Kukhala Magetsi
Mfundo yaikulu ya mphamvu ya madzi ndikusintha mphamvu yomwe ingakhalepo ya madzi (chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kukwera) kapena mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka madzi oyenda kukhala mphamvu yamakina, kenako kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Kawirikawiri, madzi osungidwa m'chitsime amayendetsedwa kudzera mu penstock kupita ku turbine. Kuponderezedwa kwa madzi kumazungulira turbine, yomwe shaft yake imalumikizidwa ndi jenereta. Kenako jenereta imapanga magetsi kudzera mu induction yamagetsi. Magetsi omwe amatsatira amawonjezeka mu voltage ndi transformer ndikuyendetsedwa mu netiweki yotumizira kuti igawidwe m'nyumba, m'mafakitale, ndi m'malo opezeka anthu onse.
Kuwonjezera pa zitsanzo zochokera ku dziwe losungira madzi, palinso malo opangira magetsi ochokera ku mitsinje omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madzi otuluka mumtsinje popanda kusunga madzi m'dziwe lalikulu. Machitidwewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa kusefukira kwa madzi, ngakhale kuti kupanga magetsi awo kumadalira kwambiri madzi otuluka mumtsinje nyengo iliyonse.
Mitundu ya Zomera Zamagetsi Zamagetsi
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi imabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kutengera momwe malo alili, zofunikira za mphamvu, ndi njira zoyendetsera madzi:
1. Madzi Ochokera ku Dambo
Kugwiritsa ntchito madamu popanga malo osungira madzi kungathandize kuyendetsa bwino kayendedwe ka madzi. Izi zili ndi ubwino wokhala ndi magetsi okhazikika ndipo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga magetsi mwachangu. Komabe, kumanga madamu akuluakulu n'kokwera mtengo ndipo kungabweretse mavuto aakulu pa chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe.
2. Malo Opangira Mphamvu Zamagetsi Ochokera Kumtsinje
Amagwiritsa ntchito mafunde a mitsinje omwe ali ndi madzi ochepa osungira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe madzi ake amayenda bwino komanso nthawi zambiri amamangidwa mwachangu. Vuto lake ndilakuti kupanga magetsi nthawi zambiri kumachepa nthawi yachilimwe.
3. Malo Osungirako Pompo
Iyi si njira yoyamba yopezera mphamvu, koma njira yosungira mphamvu. Pamene magetsi ali ochuluka (monga dzuwa kapena mphepo), madzi amapopedwa kupita ku malo osungiramo zinthu. Pamene kufunikira kuli kwakukulu, madzi amatulutsidwa kuti atembenuze ma turbine. Ukadaulo uwu ndi wofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa gridi yamagetsi, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito magwero amagetsi nthawi ndi nthawi.
4. PLTM ndi PLTMH (Mini/Microhydro)
Majenereta ang'onoang'ono ndi oyenera madera akutali. Malo opangira magetsi a microhydro nthawi zambiri ndi njira yothetsera magetsi akumidzi chifukwa amatha kumangidwa ndi zomangamanga zosavuta, kugwiritsa ntchito mitsinje ing'onoing'ono kapena njira zothirira, ndikulimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Mphamvu ya Magesi Yochokera Kumadzi Monga Mzati wa Mphamvu Yongowonjezedwanso
Mu dongosolo la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera ku madzi ili ndi ubwino wapadera: kuthekera kopanga magetsi ambiri mofanana. Mosiyana ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo yosinthasintha, mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera ku madzi imatha kugwira ntchito maola 24 pa tsiku malinga ngati madzi alipo. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera kumadzi imatha kusintha mphamvu yake mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yothandiza pakusunga bwino ma gridi.
Malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kuwonjezera pa kupereka magetsi, madamu amatha kuthandizira ulimi wothirira, kuchepetsa kusefukira kwa madzi, kupereka madzi osaphika, komanso zokopa alendo. M'madera ena, ubwino umenewu umapangitsa kuti ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa m'madamu zikhale zamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha zotsatira zake zachuma.
Ubwino wa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi
Zina mwa zabwino zazikulu za magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi m'makina opangidwanso mphamvu ndi izi:
– Mpweya wochepa wotuluka m'mlengalenga: Malo opangira magetsi amadzi sawotcha mafuta, kotero mpweya wotuluka m'mlengalenga nthawi yogwira ntchito umakhala wochepa.
– Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri: Ma turbine amadzi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri poyerekeza ndi ukadaulo wina wamagetsi.
– Kudalirika ndi kukhala ndi moyo wautali: Malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi amatha kugwira ntchito kwa zaka makumi ambiri mpaka zaka zoposa 50 ngati akusamalidwa bwino.
- Kusinthasintha kwa ntchito: Malo opangira magetsi amadzi amatha kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu mwachangu, zomwe zimathandiza kukhazikika kwa gridi.
- Kuthekera kothandizira kusungira mphamvu: Makina osungira opopa amakhala "mabatire akuluakulu" a ma gridi amagetsi amakono.
Mavuto ndi Zotsatira Zachilengedwe
Ngakhale kuti ndi gwero la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, mphamvu zamagetsi zili ndi mavuto ake. Kumanga madamu akuluakulu kungayambitse mavuto azachikhalidwe komanso zachilengedwe omwe amafunikira kusamalidwa bwino.
1. Zotsatira za mitsinje pa chilengedwe
Madamu amasintha kayendedwe kachilengedwe ka mitsinje, zomwe zimakhudza kusungunuka kwa madzi, ubwino wa madzi, ndi malo okhala nsomba. Kusamuka kwa nsomba kungalepheretsedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zichepe. Mayankho ambiri ndi monga makwerero a nsomba kapena njira zodutsa, ngakhale kuti kugwira ntchito bwino kwawo kumadalira kapangidwe kake ndi mitundu ya nsomba zakomweko.
2. Kusefukira kwa nthaka ndi kusamutsa anthu m'madera
Dambo lalikulu likhoza kumiza midzi, malo olima, komanso malo achikhalidwe. Njira yosamutsira anthu iyenera kukhala ndi chilungamo, malipiro okwanira, komanso kubwezeretsa njira zopezera moyo kwa anthu omwe akhudzidwa.
3. Utsi wochokera m'mabotolo osungiramo zinthu
Nthawi zina, makamaka m'madera otentha, kuwonongeka kwa biomass pansi pa malo osungiramo madzi kungapangitse methane. Ngakhale kuti izi zikukambidwabe kuyambira pulojekiti imodzi kupita ku ina, nkhaniyi ikugogomezera kufunika koyesa mwatsatanetsatane zachilengedwe asanamangidwe.
4. Kudalira madzi ndi nyengo
Nyengo youma nthawi yayitali kapena kusintha kwa mvula chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kungachepetse kutuluka kwa madzi ndi kupanga magetsi. Chifukwa chake, kukonzekera kwamakono kwamagetsi amadzi kuyenera kuphatikiza zochitika za kusintha kwa nyengo ndi njira zoyendetsera madzi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mphamvu ya Magesi Yochokera Kumadzi ku Indonesia: Kuthekera ndi Mwayi
Indonesia ili ndi mphamvu yaikulu yamagetsi chifukwa cha mitsinje yake yambiri, madera amapiri, komanso mvula yambiri. Malo angapo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi akugwira kale ntchito pazilumba zingapo, ndipo mwayi wopititsa patsogolo ntchito ulipo, makamaka kwa malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi m'madera omwe sanalumikizidwe ndi gridi yayikulu yamagetsi.
Kuwonjezera pa kulimbitsa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi ma microhydropower angathandizenso chitukuko cha madera. Midzi yomwe nthawi zambiri imadalira ma jenereta a dizilo imatha kuchepetsa ndalama zogulira mafuta, kuwonjezera maola ogwirira ntchito zachuma m'deralo, ndikukweza moyo wabwino mwa kupeza magetsi mokhazikika.
Komabe, chitukuko cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi chiyenera kugwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka zachilengedwe. Indonesia ili ndi nkhalango zambiri komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo. Chifukwa chake, kusankha malo, kuwunika momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira, komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu ammudzi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakutsimikizira kuti pulojekiti yamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi imakhala yokhazikika.
Tsogolo la Mphamvu ya Madzi mu Kusintha kwa Mphamvu
Mtsogolomu, ntchito ya magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ikuyembekezeka kukhala yofunika kwambiri, osati kokha monga opanga magetsi komanso ngati njira yotsutsana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo. Pamene magetsi opangidwa ndi dzuwa amatulutsa magetsi ochulukirapo masana, malo osungira omwe amapopedwa amatha kuyamwa ochulukirapo. Usiku kapena panthawi ya kuchuluka kwa magetsi, mphamvuyo imatha kutulutsidwanso. Motero, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi amakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la gridi yamagetsi yopanda mpweya wambiri.
Zatsopano zikubweranso muukadaulo wa turbine wosawononga chilengedwe, kusintha kwa ntchito za madamu kukhala a digito, njira zowunikira kutayikira kwa madzi, komanso kukonzanso madamu omwe alipo kuti awonjezere kutulutsa popanda kumanga zomangamanga zatsopano. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono (MHP) m'madera akutali kudzapitiliza kukhala kofunikira ngati njira yodziyimira payokha komanso yotsika mtengo yopezera magetsi.
Mapeto
Mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera ku madzi ndi msana wodalirika komanso wodalirika wa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso. Ndi mphamvu zambiri, mpweya wochepa wogwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuthekera kopereka magetsi okhazikika komanso osinthasintha, mafakitale opangira magetsi ochokera ku madzi amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pothandizira kusintha kwa njira yamagetsi yoyera. Komabe, zotsatira zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimapezeka m'mafakitale opangira magetsi ochokera ku madzi—makamaka akuluakulu—ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa mwa kukonzekera mosamala, kufunsa anthu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyenera wochepetsera mavuto. Ndi njira yokhazikika, magetsi ochokera ku madzi akhoza kukhala yankho lofunikira pakukwaniritsa zosowa zamagetsi pomwe akusunga chilengedwe.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kukhala mawu 1000 (kuwerengera mawu molondola), kapena kusintha kalembedwe kake kuti kakhale kasayansi/kotchuka kwambiri ngati pakufunika kutero.
