Zomera Zamagetsi Zachilengedwe mu Mphamvu Zina
Kufunika kwa mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi kukupitirirabe kukula mogwirizana ndi kukula kwa anthu, mafakitale, komanso chitukuko chofulumira. Kumbali ina, kudalira mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zakale kumabweretsa mavuto osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kusinthasintha kwa mitengo yamagetsi, kuchepa kwa malo osungira, mpaka ku zotsatira zachilengedwe monga kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya ndi mpweya woipa. Ndi pamenepa pomwe mphamvu zina zimakhala zofunika kwambiri. Gwero lina la mphamvu lina lomwe likuchulukirachulukira ndi biomass. Biomass Power Plants (PLTBm) imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe ngati mafuta popanga magetsi, kupereka yankho lokhazikika komanso kutsegula mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zinyalala zomwe sizinali zofunika kwenikweni.
Kumvetsetsa Biomass ndi PLTBm
Biomass ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimachokera ku zamoyo kapena zotsalira zawo, kaya kuchokera ku zomera, nyama, kapena zinyalala za mafakitale zaulimi ndi nkhalango. Zitsanzo za biomass ndi monga nkhuni, utuchi, makoko a mpunga, chimanga, masangweji, magulu opanda mafuta a kanjedza, ndowe za ziweto, komanso zinyalala zapakhomo. Biomass ikakonzedwa kudzera munjira zina, mphamvu ya mankhwala yomwe imasungidwa mkati mwake imatha kusinthidwa kukhala kutentha, mpweya, kapena mafuta amadzimadzi, omwe amatha kusinthidwa kukhala magetsi.
Malo opangira magetsi a biomass ndi malo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito biomass ngati gwero lake lalikulu la mphamvu. Mwachidule, biomass imatenthedwa kapena kukonzedwa kuti ipange kutentha, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nthunzi, yomwe kenako imayendetsa turbine, yomwe kenako imayendetsa jenereta kuti ipange magetsi. Ngakhale kuti mfundo yaikulu ndi yofanana ndi malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi mafuta, mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amachokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe zongowonjezwdwanso.
Kodi Biomass Imapanga Bwanji Magetsi?
Pali ukadaulo waukulu wopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito biomass. Njira iliyonse ili ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zake, kutengera mtundu wa chakudya, kukula kwa chomera, ndi momwe chikugwiritsidwira ntchito.
1. Kuyaka Molunjika
Iyi ndi njira yodziwika kwambiri. Biomass imatenthedwa mu boiler kuti ipange kutentha. Kutentha kumeneku kumasintha madzi kukhala nthunzi yothamanga kwambiri, yomwe imayendetsa turbine. Njirayi ndi yoyenera pa biomass yolimba monga matabwa, makoko a mpunga, kapena zinyalala zaulimi.
2. Kupatsa mpweya mphamvu
Biomass imatenthedwa kutentha kwambiri ndi mpweya wochepa kuti ipange mpweya wopangidwa (syngas), wopangidwa ndi carbon monoxide, hydrogen, ndi methane. Kenako syngas iyi imatenthedwa mu injini ya gasi kapena turbine kuti ipange magetsi. Kutulutsa mpweya kumaonedwa kuti ndi kothandiza kwambiri ndipo kungapangitse mpweya wochepa, koma kumafuna ukadaulo wovuta kwambiri komanso kuwongolera njira.
3. Kupopera kwa mpweya (pyrolysis)
Mafuta a biomass amatenthedwa popanda mpweya kuti apange mafuta a bio, gasi, ndi makala (biochar). Mafuta a bio angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta opangira magetsi kapena kukonzedwanso kwina. Njirayi ikupangidwabe ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo waukulu.
4. Kugaya chakudya mopanda mpweya woipa
Zinyalala zonyowa zachilengedwe monga ndowe za ziweto kapena zinyalala za chakudya zimatha kuwiritsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda popanda mpweya woipa kuti tipange biogas (makamaka methane). Biogas imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira magetsi pamagetsi kapena ma turbine. Izi ndizodziwika kwambiri pamlingo wochepa mpaka wapakati ndipo ndizoyenera kulima ziweto kapena kukonza madzi otayira.
Ubwino wa Majenereta a Biomass
PLTBm ili ndi zabwino zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale gawo lofunika kwambiri la kusakaniza mphamvu zina.
Choyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala popanga mphamvu. Magawo ambiri, monga ulimi, nkhalango, minda, ndi ziweto, amapanga zinyalala zambiri. Ngati sizisamalidwa bwino, zinyalalazi zingayambitse kuipitsidwa kwa madzi ndi mpweya, kapena kukhala gwero la mpweya wa methane. Ndi chomera chamagetsi cha biofuel (PLTBm), zinyalala zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Chachiwiri, ndi gwero la mphamvu yongowonjezedwanso komanso yokhazikika. Poyerekeza ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo, zomwe zimadalira nyengo, biomass imatha kuperekedwa nthawi zonse bola ngati unyolo woperekera zinthu ukupitilizabe. Izi zimapangitsa biomass kukhala gwero la mphamvu yoyambira, kutanthauza magetsi omwe angapangidwe nthawi zonse.
Chachitatu, kuthandizira chuma cha m'deralo. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo opangira magetsi a biomass kumafuna mafuta, omwe nthawi zambiri amachokera kumadera ozungulira. Izi zimapanga ntchito, zimalimbikitsa kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza biomass, komanso zimawonjezera phindu la ndalama la zinyalala.
Chachinayi, ili ndi kuthekera kochepetsa mpweya woipa. Mwachidule, mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsidwa pamene biomass ikuwotchedwa ndi wofanana ndi mpweya womwe zomera zimayamwa pamene zikukula. Ngati biomass imachokera ku magwero oyendetsedwa bwino, zomera zamagetsi za biofuel zingathandize kuchepetsa mpweya woipa poyerekeza ndi zomera zamagetsi zamafuta.
Mavuto ndi Zotsatira Zachilengedwe
Ngakhale kuti pali maubwino ambiri, PLTBm ilinso ndi mavuto omwe amafunika kuthandizidwa kuti akhale okhazikika.
Kupezeka ndi kukonzedwa kwa zinthu zopangira ndi zopinga zazikulu. Biomass ili ndi mphamvu zochepa kuposa malasha kapena mafuta, zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zambiri. Kusonkhanitsa, kuumitsa, kusunga, ndi kunyamula biomass kumatha kuwonjezera ndalama ndi mpweya woipa ngati mtunda uli waukulu kwambiri.
Zoopsa za kudula mitengo ndi kusintha malo ziyeneranso kuthetsedwa. Ngati malo opangira mphamvu za biomass amalimbikitsa kudula mitengo kapena kulima mphamvu zambiri popanda kugwiritsa ntchito malo akulima, zotsatira za chilengedwe zitha kuwononga ubwino woyembekezeredwa wa chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, magwero abwino a biomass ndi monga zinyalala kapena mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa pamalo owonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera bwino.
Utsi wotuluka m'mlengalenga ndi chinthu china chomwe chikudetsa nkhawa. Kuyaka kwa biomass kumatha kupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ndi mankhwala ena. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyenera woyatsa komanso kuyika zida zowongolera mpweya monga zosefera tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikofunikira kuti mpweya ukhale wabwino.
Ubwino wa mafuta nthawi zonse ndi vuto linanso. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kungathandize kuchepetsa kuyaka bwino. Chifukwa chake, njira zokonzekera zisanachitike monga kuumitsa, kuyika pellet, kapena kuyika briquet nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti biomass ikhale yofanana komanso yosavuta kuyigwiritsa ntchito.
Udindo wa Biomass mu Kusintha kwa Mphamvu
Mu njira yosinthira mphamvu, biomass ikhoza kuwonjezera mphamvu zina zongowonjezwdwa. Mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo zikukwera mtengo, koma sizimasinthasintha. Biomass ingathandize kudzaza mipata mu magetsi pamene kupanga kwa dzuwa kapena mphepo kukuchepa. Kuphatikiza apo, biomass ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu pamodzi kapena kuphatikiza kutentha ndi mphamvu (CHP), zomwe nthawi imodzi zimapanga magetsi ndi kutentha m'mafakitale monga mphero za shuga, mphero zamafuta a kanjedza, kapena mafakitale opangira nkhuni. Ndi CHP, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera kumawonjezeka chifukwa kutentha sikungotayidwa.
M'dziko laulimi lomwe lili ndi zinyalala zambiri zaulimi, biomass imapereka mwayi waukulu. Kukula kwa biomass kungalumikizidwenso ndi kasamalidwe ka zinyalala za m'matauni kudzera mu kusanja zinyalala zachilengedwe ndi kupanga biogas. Kuphatikiza mfundo zoyenera, ndalama zaukadaulo, ndi maphunziro a anthu onse kudzalimbitsa udindo wa biomass ngati gwero lina la mphamvu.
Mapeto
Malo opangira magetsi a biomass ndi njira ina yabwino yopezera mphamvu, yomwe imatha kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinyalala kukhala magetsi. Kudzera mu ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana monga kuyaka mwachindunji, kuyika gasi, kupanga pyrolysis, ndi kupanga biogas, biomass ingathandize kusakaniza mphamvu koyera komanso kokhazikika. Ubwino wake ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala, kukhazikika kwa magetsi, chithandizo cha zachuma cha m'deralo, komanso kuthekera kochepetsa mpweya woipa. Komabe, mavuto okhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, zoopsa zosinthira nthaka, mpweya woipa wa m'deralo, ndi mtundu wa mafuta zimafuna kukonzekera bwino ndi kuyang'anira. Ngati ziyendetsedwa ndi mfundo zokhazikika, malo opangira magetsi a biomass akhoza kukhala mzati wofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kupita ku dongosolo lamagetsi losamalira chilengedwe komanso lolimba mtsogolo.
