Mafupipafupi amagetsi mu gridi yamagetsi
Ma frequency amagetsi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu dongosolo lamagetsi. Ngati magetsi amatha kufananizidwa ndi "kupanikizika" komwe kumayendetsa magetsi, ndiye kuti ma frequency ndi "rhythm" kapena "pulse" yomwe imasunga zinthu zonse mu gridi yamagetsi zikugwira ntchito mogwirizana. M'maiko ambiri, ma gridi amagetsi amagwira ntchito pafupipafupi ya 50 Hz kapena 60 Hz. Indonesia, pamodzi ndi mayiko ambiri ku Asia ndi Europe, imagwiritsa ntchito 50 Hz. Ngakhale zingawoneke zosavuta, kusunga ma frequency okhazikika ndi ntchito yayikulu yomwe imaphatikizapo kupanga, kutumiza, kugawa, komanso ngakhale machitidwe a makasitomala.
Kumvetsetsa mafupipafupi amagetsi
Ma frequency amagetsi ndi chiwerengero cha ma cycle alternating current (AC) omwe amachitika pa sekondi. Unit yake ndi Hertz (Hz). Mu AC system, voltage ndi current zimasintha njira nthawi ndi nthawi. Pamene ma frequency a 50 Hz atchulidwa, zikutanthauza kuti ma cycle 50 athunthu amachitika pa sekondi imodzi. Ma frequency amenewa amagwirizana mwachindunji ndi liwiro lozungulira la jenereta yolumikizana mu power plant. Mwachidule, liwiro la rotor la jenereta ndi chiwerengero cha ma pole zimatsimikiza ma frequency otulutsa. Ubale wonse ndi:
f = (p × n) / 120,
kumene f ndi ma frequency (Hz), p ndi chiwerengero cha ma pole, ndi n ndi liwiro lozungulira (rpm).
Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa makina si nambala yokha, koma chizindikiro cha mphamvu yosinthika pakati pa mphamvu yopangidwa ndi mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
N’chifukwa chiyani nthawi zambiri ziyenera kusungidwa?
Ma frequency mu gridi yamagetsi ayenera kukhala pafupi ndi mtengo wake wamba pazifukwa zingapo zazikulu. Choyamba, zida zambiri zamagetsi zimapangidwa kuti zizigwira ntchito bwino pama frequency enaake. Mwachitsanzo, ma induction motors ali ndi liwiro lofanana lomwe limadalira ma frequency. Kusintha ma frequency kumatha kusintha liwiro la mota, kuchepetsa torque, kuwonjezera kutayika, komanso kumabweretsa kutentha kwambiri.
Chachiwiri, kusintha kwa ma frequency kumasonyeza kusalingana kwa mphamvu. Ngati katundu wapitirira mphamvu yopangira, makinawo "amachedwetsa" ndipo ma frequency amatsika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati mphamvu yopangira yapitirira katundu, ma frequency amawonjezeka. Kusalingana kwakukulu kosayang'aniridwa kwa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse kuzimitsidwa kwa magetsi, chifukwa chitetezo chidzagwira ntchito kuteteza zida ku kuwonongeka.
Chachitatu, kukhazikika kwa dongosolo lamagetsi—kukhazikika kwa ngodya ya jenereta yozungulira komanso kukhazikika kwa magetsi—kumakhudzidwa ndi kuwongolera ma frequency. Mu dongosolo lalikulu lolumikizana, kulephera kuwongolera ma frequency m'dera limodzi kungayambitse kugwedezeka m'malo ena.
Ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa zinthu, katundu ndi kupanga
Mu dongosolo la mphamvu, mphamvu yokwanira ingalembedwe motere:
Jenereta ya P = P katundu + kutayika kwa dongosolo
Pamene katundu wawonjezeka mwadzidzidzi (mwachitsanzo, nthawi yamadzulo, kapena pamene mafakitale ambiri ayamba kugwira ntchito nthawi imodzi), makinawa amafunika mphamvu yowonjezera. Ngati yankho la jenereta lachedwa, ma frequency adzatsika. Kutsika kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa chakuti jenereta yozungulira imataya mphamvu ya kinetic kuti ibwezeretse kusowa kwa mphamvu kwakanthawi. Mphamvu ya kinetic ya rotor imagwira ntchito ngati buffer (inertia) yomwe imathandiza kupirira kusintha kwa ma frequency.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene katundu watsika mwadzidzidzi (mwachitsanzo, pamene mafakitale atseka, kapena pamene jenereta yaikulu yayamba kugwira ntchito mwadzidzidzi), kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumatha kuwonjezeka chifukwa mphamvu yochulukirapo imapangitsa kuti jenereta "zifulumire." Ichi ndichifukwa chake ogwira ntchito pamakina ayenera kulinganiza kupanga ndi kunyamula katundu mosalekeza, kachiwiri ndi kachiwiri.
Kupatuka kwapadera kwa ma frequency ndi khalidwe la magetsi
Ma frequency abwino ndi 50 Hz (kapena 60 Hz), koma m'machitidwe, ma frequency ang'onoang'ono nthawi zonse amakhalapo. Kuchuluka kwa ma frequency omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi abwinobwino kumatsimikiziridwa ndi miyezo ndi malamulo am'deralo. Makina amagetsi amakono ali ndi zolinga zolimba za ma frequency okhudzana ndi magwiridwe antchito a zida, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika kwa kulumikizana.
Kusinthasintha pang'ono kwa ma frequency nthawi zambiri sikuonekera kwa makasitomala okhala m'nyumba, koma kumakhalabe kofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale omwe ali ndi makina olondola, makina olumikizirana, ndi njira zodziwikiratu. Ma application ena, monga mawotchi amagetsi ozikidwa pa grid-frequency (omwe kale anali ofala), amatha kukhala ndi zolakwika ngati ma frequency apakati asintha kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amawongolera osati kusintha kwakanthawi kokha komanso amaonetsetsa kuti ma frequency apakati abwerera ku kulondola kuti achepetse kuchulukana kwa zolakwika.
Njira yowongolera mafupipafupi
Kulamulira pafupipafupi kumachitika m'magawo, kuyambira kuyankha mwachangu kwambiri mpaka kukonzekera kwa nthawi yapakati.
1. Yankho losagwira ntchito
Iyi ndi njira yachilengedwe yoyankhira kulemera kozungulira mu jenereta yolumikizana. Pamene kusalingana kwa mphamvu kukuchitika, mphamvu ya kinetic ya rotor imathandiza kukana kusintha kwa ma frequency m'masekondi ochepa oyamba. Komabe, pamene kupanga kwa inverter (monga PV ndi mabatire) kukuwonjezeka, inertia ya dongosolo imatha kuchepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusinthasintha kwa ma frequency kuchitike mosavuta.
2. Kulamulira koyambirira (kulamulira koyambirira kwa ma frequency)
Kulamulira kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito turbine gaver mu fakitale yopanga. Pamene ma frequency atsika, turbine imawonjezera mphamvu yolowera (monga kutsegula valavu ya nthunzi kapena kuwonjezera kuyenda kwa madzi), kuwonjezera mphamvu yotulutsa. Kulamulira koyamba kumagwira ntchito mwachangu (masekondi mpaka masekondi makumi) ndikuyimitsa liwiro la kuchepa, koma nthawi zambiri sikubwezera ma frequency enieni ku nomine; kumangoyikhazikitsa pamtengo watsopano, woyandikira.
3. Kulamulira kwachiwiri (AGC)
Kulamulira Kupanga Zinthu Mwadongosolo (AGC) kumagwira ntchito pa sikelo ya masekondi makumi angapo mpaka mphindi kuti abwezeretse ma frequency kukhala odziwika bwino komanso kuwongolera kusinthana kwa mphamvu pakati pa madera olumikizidwa. AGC imatumiza malo okhazikika ku mayunitsi owongolera kuti akonze zolakwika zama frequency ndi kusinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka mphamvu.
4. Kuwongolera ndi kukonza nthawi ya maphunziro apamwamba (kulamulira / kutumiza kwa maphunziro apamwamba)
Izi ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama pa mphindi imodzi ndi ola limodzi, kuphatikizapo zomwe zaperekedwa popanga zinthu, kusintha kwa malo osungiramo zinthu, ndi kutumizanso ndalama kuti pakhale chitetezo.
Udindo wosungira mphamvu ndi chitetezo
Kuti ma frequency apitirizebe, ogwiritsa ntchito makina amapereka mphamvu yowonjezera. Kusunga kumeneku kungakhale ngati ma jenereta omwe amagwira ntchito pansi pa mphamvu yayikulu kotero kuti akhoza kukwezedwa mwachangu, kapena zinthu zochapira mwachangu monga mabatire ndi ma peaker jenereta. Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira zotetezera monga under-frequency load shed (UFLS), yomwe pang'onopang'ono imachotsa katundu pamene ma frequency atsika pansi pa malire enaake. UFLS imagwira ntchito ngati "emergency brake" kuti iteteze kuwonongeka kwa makina. Ngakhale makasitomala angakumane ndi vuto la kuzima kwa makina, njira iyi ingapulumutse makina onse ku mdima wonse.
Chitetezo china chingathenso kuyatsidwa ngati kuchuluka kwa ma frequency kuli kokwera kwambiri, monga kulamula kuti kuchepetse kupanga. Zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa ma frequency ndi chizindikiro cha thanzi la dongosolo chomwe chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala.
Mavuto amakono: mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito inverter
Kuphatikiza mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa—makamaka dzuwa (PV) ndi mphepo—kumabweretsa mavuto atsopano pakuwongolera ma frequency. Ma jenereta ambiri ongowonjezwdwa amalumikizidwa ku gridi kudzera mu ma inverter, m'malo mwa ma jenereta akuluakulu ogwirizana. Zotsatira zake, mphamvu yachilengedwe imachepa. Dongosolo limakhala lopepuka kwambiri, kotero kusintha kwa katundu kapena kusokonezeka kungayambitse kusintha kwa ma frequency mwachangu (kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa ma frequency).
Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, ukadaulo watsopano wapangidwa, monga ma synthetic inertia inverters, droop control mu mabatire, ndi fast frequency response (FFR), zomwe zimatha kulowetsa mphamvu mwachangu kwambiri. Mabatire a grid-scale amatha kuyankha ngakhale mu ma millisecond mazana ambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kutsika kwa ma frequency asanayambe kulamulira kwa turbine.
Zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa zida ndi magwiridwe antchito
Ma frequency osakhazikika angakhudze magwiridwe antchito a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida:
– Ma mota amagetsi: kusintha kwa liwiro, kutsetsereka kumawonjezeka, kutentha kumakwera ngati zinthu zolemera zipitirira kwa nthawi yayitali.
– Ma transformer ndi zipangizo zamaginito: kusintha kwa ma frequency kumakhudza kutayika kwa ma core ndi mphamvu yokwanira pansi pa mikhalidwe ina, ngakhale kuti dongosolo nthawi zambiri limapangitsa kuti kusinthako kukhale kochepa.
– Zipangizo zamagetsi: nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito magetsi osinthira omwe amasinthasintha bwino, koma zimafunabe mphamvu zabwino kuti zikhale zodalirika.
– Machitidwe a mafakitale: omwe amafunikira kulumikizana ndi kukhazikika kwa liwiro amatha kukhala ozindikira kusintha kwa ma frequency.
Chifukwa chake, kusunga pafupipafupi sikuti ndi cholinga cha ogwiritsa ntchito makina okha, komanso kusunga nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zida ndi mtundu wa ntchito kwa makasitomala.
Mapeto
Kuchuluka kwa magetsi mu gridi yamagetsi ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chikuwonetsa bwino momwe magetsi amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa magetsi kwa 50 Hz kuyenera kusungidwa kudzera mu kuphatikiza kwa inertia ya system, primary and secondary control (AGC), processing schedule, ndi ma power reserves. Pakachitika chisokonezo chachikulu, chitetezo monga UFLS chingalepheretse kuwonongeka kwa system. Munthawi ya kusintha kwa mphamvu, kukwera kwa magetsi ochokera ku inverter kumafuna njira zatsopano monga inertia yopangidwa ndi synthetic ndi fast frequency response. Ndi kasamalidwe koyenera ka frequency, makina amagetsi amatha kugwira ntchito mokhazikika komanso modalirika, ndikutumikira zosowa za magetsi za anthu ammudzi.
