Te Tiakitanga e Hiahiatia ana mō tō Pūnaha Paewhiri Rā mai i ngā Motunga Hiko
Kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o ngā pūnaha panera rā (PLTS) nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakaiti i ngā utu hiko, te whakanui ake i te mana motuhake o te pūngao, me te tautoko i te whakawhiti ki te pūngao ma. Heoi, ahakoa ēnei painga, kotahi te āhuatanga nui e kore e arohia: ko te tiaki i ngā motuhanga hiko. Nā te mea, he maha ngā wāhanga hiko tairongo o ngā pūnaha panera rā—pērā i ngā inverters, ngā kaiwhakahaere utu, ngā pākahiko, me ngā pūnaha aroturuki—e ngāwari ana ki te pakaru mai i ngā ngaru hiko, te uira, te nui o te iahiko, te whenua ngoikore rānei.
Kāore ngā motuhanga hiko e puta tonu mai hei āhuatanga nui. I ētahi wā he iti noa iho, he auau tonu, engari mā te pānga whakaemi ka tere ake te pirau o ngā wāhanga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā parenga e hiahiatia ana hei whakarite i tētahi pūnaha panera rā haumaru, pumau, me te roa, ahakoa mō ngā kāinga, mō ngā pakihi, mō ngā whakaurunga nui ake rānei.
He aha ngā pūnaha papa rā e ngoikore ai ki te motuhanga hiko?
He pūtake hiko DC (mai i ngā panera ki te inverter/mana whakahaere utu) me te pūtake hiko AC (mai i te putanga inverter ki te kawenga/whare me te whatunga PLN mō ngā pūnaha kei runga i te whatunga) kei roto i ngā tipu hiko rā (PLTS). Ko te tikanga o ēnei raina pūtake hiko e rua he maha ake ngā wāhi urunga mō ngā raruraru hiko. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā panera rā te nuinga o te wā ka tāutahia ki ngā wāhi tuwhera, teitei, ā, ka pāngia e te huarere, ka ngoikore ake ai ki ngā whiunga uira me ngā ngaru hiko i puta mai i ngā āhuatanga o waho.
Ko ētahi o ngā momo raruraru hiko e kitea whānuitia ana:
1. Ka puea ake ngā ngaohiko i te uira, i te whakawhiti kawenga nui rānei.
2. Te nui rawa o te au hiko nā te poto o te ara iahiko, te rahi rānei o te taura he.
3. Te nui rawa/te iti rawa o te ngaohiko nā ngā raruraru whatunga, nā te inverter rānei.
4. Te rahunga o te ārai wera nā te makuku, ngā taura kua tangohia, ngā hononga rānei kua kore e hono.
5. Ngā raruraru kounga mana pērā i ngā harmonics, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha e whakamahi ana i te maha o ngā kawenga kore-raina.
Nō reira, ko te parenga tino pai me whakauru te taha DC me te taha AC, tae atu ki tētahi tikanga whakapūmau whenua me te ara taura tika.
1. Pūrere Ārai Ngaru (SPD): Ko te whakangungu matua mai i ngā ngaru ngaohiko.
He taputapu te SPD i hangaia hei huri i ngā ngaru hiko poto ki te ara whenua, hei ārai i te kino o ngā taputapu hiko. Mō ngā tipu hiko o te rā (PLTS), kāore e taea te tāuta i te SPD ki te wāhi kotahi, nā te mea ka puta mai ngā pūtake ngaru hiko mai i te panera (DC) me te whatunga (AC).
Ngā momo SPD e hiahiatia ana:
– Kua tāutahia he DC SPD (kaitiaki ngaru photovoltaic) ki te raina DC i waenganui i te rarangi panera me te kaiwhakahaere inverter/utu. He mea nui tēnei nā te mea ka taea e ngā panera tuanui te whiwhi i te uira ahakoa kāore i pā tika ki a rātou.
– Kua tāutahia te AC SPD ki te taha putanga o te inverter ki te papa tohatoha kāinga (ki te whatunga PLN rānei mō ngā pūnaha kei runga i te whatunga).
Ngā mea hei mōhio:
– Kōwhiria he SPD me te whakatauranga e rite ana ki te ngaohiko o te pūnaha (hei tauira, 600V/1000V DC mō ētahi pūnaha).
– Me whakarite kia mārama te paerewa o te SPD (hei tauira, IEC/EN) ā, kia tāutahia e te tohunga hangarau e mārama ana ki te whakaritenga tiaki.
– Ka whai hua anake ngā SPD mēnā ka tika te whenua. Ki te kore e pai te whenua, kāore he ara pai mō ngā ngaru hiko.
2. MCB/MCCB me te Fiusi: Te Parenga o te Auaha Nui me te Arataki Poto
Ka puta pea ngā ngaru hiko nā te poto o ngā ara iahiko, ngā waea kua pakaru, ngā hononga MC4 hē, ngā hapa tāutanga rānei. Koinei te wāhi e tino hira ai te MCB/MCCB me ngā fiusi.
I roto i ngā pūnaha papa rā:
– He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā fiusi DC (fiusi aho) hei tiaki i ia aho panera, inā koa mēnā he maha ngā aho e rere whakarara ana. Ko tā rātou mahi he ārai i te rere whakamuri mai i ētahi atu aho, ka wera pea te waea, ka puta he ahi.
– Ka whakamahia ngā MCB DC hei parenga me ngā kaiwawao hiko i runga i ngā raina DC. He rerekē ngā MCB DC i ngā MCB AC; kaua e pōhēhētia nā te mea he rerekē ngā āhuatanga tinei-āwhata o ō rātou hiko.
– Ka whakamahia te AC MCB/MCCB ki te taha putanga o te inverter ki te utaina/papa matua, hei ārai i te iahiko nui rawa atu ka kino pea te inverter, te tāutanga kāinga rānei.
He mātāpono nui: me urutau te parenga o te iahiko ki te rahi o te taura me te iahiko mōrahi ka puta, kaua ko te "mēnā kei te kā".
3. Whakawehe DC me te Whakawehe AC: Ngā Ārai Haumaru mō ngā Tiaki me ngā Āhuatanga Ohorere
Haunga te tiakitanga aunoa, me whai taputapu momotu ā-ringa haumaru hoki te pūnaha:
– Kua tāutahia te pūwehenga DC tata ki te inverter (e tata ana rānei ki te rarangi e ai ki te hoahoa) hei momotu i te ngaohiko DC i te wā tiaki, i te wā ohorere rānei.
– Kua tāutahia ngā wehewehe AC ki te raina AC kia taea ai te wehe i te inverter mai i te whatunga/kawenga.
He mea nui ēnei taputapu wehewehe mō te haumaru o ngā tohunga hangarau me ngā kaipupuri whare. Ko ētahi paerewa tāutanga e hiahia ana kia tere te whakaweto o te pūnaha mēnā ka puta he ahi, he pakaru rānei.
4. RCD/ELCB (Pūrere Au Toenga): Au turuturu me te Parenga Ru
Ka kitea e te RCD/ELCB te turuturu o te whenua, ka puta pea tēnei i te pakaru o te ārai taura, te urunga o te makuku ki roto i te taputapu, te kaha rānei o te anga taputapu. He mea nui tēnei mō te haumaru o te tangata.
I roto i ngā pūnaha he inverters hou, me whiriwhiri te RCD i runga i ngā taunakitanga a te kaihanga, nā te mea ka puta i ētahi inverters ngā wāhanga DC toenga, ngā harmonics rānei, ka taea te whakapoauau i ngā RCD paerewa. I ētahi wā, me whakamahi he RCD momo A, momo B rānei, i runga i te hoahoa inverter me ngā ture ā-rohe.
He mārama te whāinga matua: kia ārai i te ru hiko me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te ahi nā ngā ia turuturu e toe ana.
5. Te Whakatakotoranga me te Hononga: Te Pūtake o Ngā Tiakitanga Katoa
He tokomaha te hunga e tāuta ana i ngā SPD, MCB, me ētahi atu taputapu engari e wareware ana ki te whakatū whenua tika. He ara nui te whakatū whenua mō te whakamarara i te kaha whakararuraru me te whakau i te tohutoro ngaohiko o te pūnaha.
Ngā mea me mahi:
– Te whakapūmau i te hanganga anga o te panera ki te whenua (te whakapiringa) kia kore ai he wāhanga whakarewa e "mānu ana".
– Whakahoutia te inverter ki te whenua kia rite ki te pukapuka a te kaihanga.
– Me poto, me tika, me iti hoki ngā piko o te whenua SPD kia iti ai te aukati (he mea nui i te wā e ngaru ana).
– Me whakauru te pūnaha whenua o te kāinga, kaua e tū takitahi me te kore he tātaitanga.
Haunga te whakapūmau i te whenua, kei reira anō te here: te hono i ngā wāhanga whakarewa kia ōrite te kaha, me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā rerekētanga ngaohiko ina he raruraru.
6. Te Tiakitanga Pūhiko (Mēnā kei te whakamahi koe i tētahi Pūnaha Ranu/Kāore i te Whatunga)
I roto i ngā pūnaha pākahiko, ka uaua ake te motu o te hiko nā te nui o te pūngao kua rongoatia. He mea nui te tiakitanga tāpiri:
– BMS (Pūnaha Whakahaere Pūhiko) hei whakahaere i te utu nui rawa, te tukunga nui rawa, te pāmahana nui rawa, me te taurite pūtau.
– He fiusi motuhake, he pūwehe hiko DC rānei mō ngā pākahiko ka taea te tapahi i ngā iahiko teitei.
– Ngā hononga whakapā me te tiaki pāmahana i roto i te wāhanga pākahiko, inā koa mō ngā pūnaha pākahiko lithium.
– Kia rawaka te hauhautanga me te ārai ahi, nā te mea ka mōrearea ngā pākahiko ki te rere atu i te wera mēnā ka hē te whakahaere.
Ehara i te mea ka tere te pirau o ngā pākahiko kāore i te tiakina, engari ka taea hoki e rātou te waiho hei pūtake mōrearea nui.
7. Te Aroturuki me ngā Whakaoho: Mā te Kimi Wā Moata ka Whakaiti i ngā Ngaronga
Ehara i te mea ko te momotu i ngā taputapu anake te mea e tiakina ana; he rite tonu te hiranga o te kitenga wawe ki te tiaki. Mā ngā pūnaha aroturuki koe e āwhina ki te mōhio:
– He rerekē te ngaohiko me te iahiko o te aho panera (he tohu mō te korenga o ngā hononga, te atarangi matotoru rānei).
– Ka maha ngā wā ka mate te inverter (he tohu mō ngā raruraru kounga hiko, ngā mahi tiaki auau rānei).
– Te pāmahana teitei o te wāhanga (he tohu mō te hauhautanga ngoikore, te taumaha rawa rānei).
– Ka tino heke ngā raraunga whakaputa (e tohu ana i te pakaru o te panera, i te whakararuraru rānei o te pūnaha).
Mā te aroturuki pai ka taea e koe te mahi i mua i te horapa o ngā kino, i te pikinga ake rānei o ngā utu whakatikatika.
Whakamutunga: Mā te Tiakitanga Tika ka Haumaru ake, ka Roa Ake hoki te Pupuri Hiko o te Rā
He haumitanga roa te pūnaha panera rā. Hei whakarite kia mau te haumitanga, kia pai ai te mahi mō ngā tau e haere ake nei, kaua te tiaki i ngā motuhanga hiko e kiia he taputapu whiriwhiri. Ko ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā SPD (DC me AC), ngā MCB/fius, ngā wehewehe, ngā RCD/ELCB, te whenua tika, te tiaki pākahiko, me ngā pūnaha aroturuki he wāhanga nui katoa o tētahi pūnaha tiaki whānui.
Mena kei te whakamahere koe i tētahi tāutanga, kei te arotake rānei i tētahi pūnaha o nāianei, kia tino kapi te parenga i ngā taha DC me AC, tae atu ki te whenua tika. Kōrero ki tētahi tohunga hangarau, ki tētahi kaimahi kirimana rānei e mārama ana ki ngā paerewa tāutanga PV rā me te whakaritenga parenga. Mā tēnei, ehara i te mea ka tiakina noa ō panera rā engari ko tō whare, ngā taputapu hiko, me te haumaru o ngā kainoho katoa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i tētahi rārangi arowhai tirotiro māmā (mō ngā kaipupuri whare) me tētahi rārangi o ngā whakaritenga tiaki e taunakitia ana i runga i te momo pūnaha (i runga i te whatunga hiko, i te whatunga ranu, i waho rānei i te whatunga hiko) me te kaha.
