Ngā Momo Kirihou e Whakamahia ana hei Hanga i ngā Tākai Kai me te Āhua o te Hanga
He mea nui te takai kai hei pupuri i te kounga o te hua, te haumaru, me te roa o te wā e rongoa ai. I roto i ngā ahumahi hou, ko te kirihou te rauemi takai e whakamahia whānuitia ana nā te mea he mama, he ngāwari, he iti te utu, he ngāwari te hanga, ā, ka taea te hanga hei ārai i te hau me te kohu wai. Heoi, ehara i te mea he pai ngā kirihou katoa mō te kai. Ko te whiriwhiri i te kirihou e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te hua (maroke/mākū, wera/mātao, hinuhinu/waikawa), ngā whakaritenga ātete pāmahana, me ngā paerewa haumaru kai.
Ko ngā momo kirihou e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā takai kai me te tirohanga whānui ki te āhua o te hanga (mai i ngā rauemi mata ki ngā takai).
-
1. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) – Waehere 1
Ngā whakamahinga matua: ngā pounamu wai kohuke me ngā pounamu inu ngāwari, ngā pounamu hinu tunu kai, ngā ipu ranu, ngā takai huamata, ētahi paepae kai, me ngā kiriata takai.
Ngā Painga: mārama, kaha, māmā, he ārai pai ki te hau, ā, he pumau mō te pa ki te kai.
Ngā Here: kāore i te pai mō ngā pāmahana tino tiketike (hei tauira, te whakamahana anō i roto i te ngaruiti) engari mō te PET i hangaia mō tētahi kaupapa motuhake (CPET).
Me pēhea te hanga:
1. Te Whakapūhui: Ka hangaia te PET mā te tauhohenga polycondensation i waenga i te waikawa terephthalic (hei tauira, PTA, DMT rānei) me te ethylene glycol. Ka puta mai i te tauhohenga ngā mekameka polymer PET me ngā hua taha (hei tauira, te wai/methanol) ka wehea.
2. Te hanganga o ngā pire: Ka whakamataohia te wai PET ka tapatapahia kia rite ki ngā pire.
3. Te whakamaroke i te kapia: He waikore te PET (he ngāwari te mimiti i te wai). I mua i te tukatuka, ka whakamarokehia ngā pirepire hei ārai i te pirau ina rewa.
4. Te hanga i te whakapūtanga werohanga: mō ngā pounamu, ka hangaia te PET hei "pūtanga" (pēnei i te ngongo iti, matotoru) mā te hanga i te whakapūtanga werohanga.
5. Whakatōtōhia te whakapūtanga pupuhi: Ka whakamahanahia te whakapūtanga, kātahi ka pupuhihia, ka totorohia ki roto i te whakapūtanga pounamu. Mā tēnei tukanga ka kaha ake te kaha me te mārama o te pounamu.
-
2. HDPE (Polyethylene Kiato Teitei) – Waehere 2
Ngā whakamahinga matua: ngā pounamu miraka, ētahi karani, ngā kēne kai, ngā taupoki pounamu, ngā ipu kai, me ngā takai hua matotoru.
Ngā Painga: kaha, ātete ki te pānga, ātete ki ngā matū, ā, he pai mō ngā kai.
Ngā Here: he mātotoru ake i te PET, kāore te arai ki te hāora i te teitei pērā i ētahi atu kirihou.
Me pēhea te hanga:
1. Te whakapūhuitanga o te ethylene: Ka hangaia te HDPE mai i te monomer ethylene me te whakakorikori (hei tauira, Ziegler-Natta, metallocene rānei) e whakaputa ana i tētahi hanganga mekameka kiato ake (kiato teitei).
2. Te whakaputanga, te pupuhi rānei:
– Mō ngā pounamu/kēne tīri: ko te tikanga he whakamahi i te whakapūtanga pupuhi, arā, ka rewa te kirihou ki roto i te ngongo (parison), ka whakaurua ki roto i te pokepoke, kātahi ka pupuhihia kia piri ki te āhua o te pokepoke.
– Mō te taupoki: whakamahia te whakahānga werohanga i ngā wā katoa.
-
3. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) – Waehere 3 (Te whakamahinga kai kua whakawhāitihia)
Ngā whakamahinga matua (he iti, he tino ture hoki): ētahi momo kiriata piri, kiriata whakaiti rānei.
Painga: mārama, he pīataata pērā i te kiriata, he tino kaha.
Ngā herenga: ngā take tāpiri (ngā mea hanga kirihou) me te hanganga o ētahi matū i te wā e whakamahanahia ana; kua piki haere te herenga o te whakamahinga mō ngā takai kai i ngā wāhi maha.
Me pēhea te hanga:
1. Te whakapūhuitanga o te vinyl chloride: ka whakapūhuitia te monomer vinyl chloride hei PVC.
2. Te tāpiri i ngā tāpiringa: Tata tonu ka hiahiatia he tāpiringa mō te PVC—ngā mea whakau, ngā mea whakahinuhinu, ā, i ētahi wā he mea whakakirihou—kia ngāwari ai, kia ngāwari ai hoki te tukatuka.
3. Te hanga kiriata: mā te whakatārewatanga (ka tukuna te kirihou ki runga i ngā roera wera hei hanga i tētahi rau angiangi) mā te whakaputa kiriata rānei.
-
4. LDPE (Polyethylene Matotoru Iti) – Waehere 4
Ngā whakamahinga matua: ngā putea taro, ētahi putea hokohoko, ngā raina takai, ngā pounamu ngohengohe, me ētahi takai kirihou.
Ngā Painga: tino ngāwari, ātete wai, ngāwari ki te whakamahana i te hiri.
Ngā herenga: kāore i te tino teitei te arai hāora; kāore i te tino pakari.
Me pēhea te hanga:
1. Te whakapūhuitanga o te etilena i te pēhanga teitei: ka puta he hanganga peka ake kia ngāwari ake ai te rauemi.
2. Te whakaputanga kiriata pupuhi: He mea hanga noa te LDPE hei kiriata mā te tukanga kiriata pupuhi: ka rewa te kirihou, ka whakaputahia ki roto i te ngongo, kātahi ka pupuhihia pērā i te poihau hei hanga i tētahi rau kiriata angiangi.
3. Te hurihanga kiriata: ka tapahia te kiriata ka hiritia ki roto i ngā putea, ka pania rānei ki ētahi atu rauemi.
-
5. PP (Poroporoperena) – Waehere 5
Ngā whakamahinga matua: ngā ipu kai kua rite mō te kai, ngā kapu miraka kawa, ngā ngongo kai (i roto i ētahi hua), ngā taupoki pounamu, ngā takai kinaki, me ētahi ipu haumaru mō te ngaruiti.
Ngā Painga: he pai ake te ātete ki te wera i te PE, he māmā, he kaha, ā, he ātete ki te hinu.
Ngā Here: ka pakarukaru pea i ngā pāmahana tino iti; ko te māramatanga kei te kounga me te tukanga.
Me pēhea te hanga:
1. Te whakapūhuitanga o te propylene: te whakamahi i tētahi whakakorikori hei whakaputa PP (homopolymer, copolymer rānei).
2. Te Hanga Wera: mō ngā kapu/tirei, ka hangaia te PP hei rau mā te whakaputa i te tuatahi, kātahi ka whakamahanahia, ka hangaia mā te korehau/pēhanga ki roto i te pokepokea (hanga wera).
3. Whakarewa werohanga: mō ētahi taupoki, ipu rānei, he whakarewa werohanga te PP.
4. Kiriata BOPP: Ka hangaia hoki te PP hei kiriata aronga rua (BOPP) mā te totoro whakaroa me te whakapiko kia kaha ake, kia mārama ake hoki, e whakamahia ana mō te takai i ngā kai mātao.
-
6. PS (Polystyrene) – Waehere 6 (tae atu ki te EPS/Styrofoam)
Ngā whakamahinga matua: pūnu/marau kirihou, kapu inu, paepae mīti, me te EPS (huka) mō ngā ipu kai.
Ngā Painga: iti te utu, ngāwari te hanga, ka mārama (GPPS) ka tino māmā rānei (EPS).
Ngā Here: he iti te ātete ki te wera; he mea nui ngā take taiao, inā koa mō te EPS.
Me pēhea te hanga:
1. Te whakapūhuitanga o te styrene: ka puta te PS.
2. Te Hanga Wera: Ka whakamahanahia ngā rau PS, kātahi ka hangaia hei kapu/tirei.
3. Te hanga EPS: Ka whakawhanuitia ngā kirikiri PS ki tētahi mea pupuhi kia whakawhanuitia hei pahuka, kātahi ka whakaurua ki roto i tētahi pokepokea ai, ka whakamahanatia kia hanumi hei hanga i tētahi ipu.
-
7. Kirihou Papa Maha/Whakapiripiri (hei tauira, PET/PE, OPP/CPP, PA/PE)
He maha ngā kete kai o ēnei rā kāore i te hangaia mai i te momo kirihou kotahi, engari he huinga o ngā paparanga maha hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga tautoko: kotahi te paparanga mō te kaha, tētahi mō te ārai hāora/kakara, me tētahi mō te ngāwari o te hiri.
Tauira whakamahinga: ngā takai kawhe, ngā kai maaka, ngā nūru inamata, ngā ranu pēke, ngā kai tio, me ngā pēke hua wai.
Ngā Painga: te mahi teitei (he pai te ārai me te kaha).
Ngā Here: he uaua ake te hangarua nā te mea he maha ngā rauemi kei roto.
Me pēhea te hanga:
1. Te hanga kiriata takitahi: hei tauira, ko te kiriata PET, BOPP, CPP, PE rānei ka hangaia mā te whakaputa me te whakatakoto.
2. Whakakirikiri: ngā paparanga kua honoa ki:
– Ka whakamahia he kāpia motuhake hei whakapiripiri (he mea hanga ki te whakarewa, kāore rānei he whakarewa), kātahi ka whakamarokehia/whakamaroketia.
– Te whakakikoruatanga o te kiriuhi, te wāhi e rewa ai te PE, ka "whakakīia" hei piripiri wera i waenganui i ngā kiriata e rua.
3. Tānga: ka tāia te hoahoa takai (rotogravure/flexography) ki runga i tētahi o ngā kiriata i mua i te whakapiripiri, i muri rānei i te wā e hiahiatia ana.
4. Te hanganga takai: ka tukatukahia ngā kiriata paparanga maha i runga i te mīhini whakakī-āhua-hiri hei pēke iti, hei pēke, hei takai rōra rānei.
-
8. Ngā kirihou koiora (ngā rauemi PLA me te māngaro) – He huarahi kē atu e tipu haere ana
Ngā Whakamahinga: ngā kapu, ngā paepae me ngā kiriata mō ētahi hua (kāore i te tino teitei rawa ngā pāmahana).
Ngā Painga: i ahu mai i ngā pūtake whakahou; ka pirau pea i raro i ngā tikanga whakawairakau ahumahi.
Ngā Here: kāore i te ātete ki te wera i ngā wā katoa; me whai pūnaha tukatuka/whakakōmiora tika; ka nui ake pea ngā utu.
Me pēhea te hanga:
1. Te whakapūkara o ngā rauemi mata: hei tauira, ka whakapūkarahia te kānga/te tō hei whakaputa waikawa miraka.
2. Te whakapūhui: ka tukatukahia te waikawa lactic hei PLA.
3. Te whakaputa/te hanga wera: Ka tukatukahia te PLA ki roto i ngā kiriata, i ngā ipu rānei, he rite tonu ki ngā kirihou tuku iho.
-
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā momo kirihou mō ngā takai kai ko te PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS, me ngā paparanga maha-paparanga—ia mea i tīpakohia i runga i te kaha, te mārama, te ātete ki te wera, me ngā āheinga hiri. He rerekē ngā tukanga hanga: mai i te monomer polymerization ki ngā pire, kātahi ka tukatukahia hei takai mā te kiriata extrusion, te werohanga pokepoke, te pupuhi pokepoke, te thermoforming rānei. I roto i ngā tono oranga tonutanga, kei te piki haere te whanaketanga o ngā kirihou koiora me ngā hoahoa takai ngāwari ake te hangarua, ahakoa ngā herenga hangarau me ngā hanganga tukatuka.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga mō tētahi mahi kura, pepa kāreti, pou rangitaki SEO rānei, me tētahi rārangi pukapuka me ngā wāhanga iti mō te haumaru kai me te hangarua.
