Ngā momo kirihou e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga o ngā wāhanga motuka me ā rātou tikanga whakaputa
Kāore te umanga motuka o ēnei rā e whakawhirinaki ana ki te konganuku hei rauemi matua mō ngā wāhanga katoa. Kua noho ngā kirihou (polymers) hei rauemi tino nui nā te mea he māmā, he ngāwari ki te whakakorikori, he ātete ki te waikura, ā, he iti te utu mō te hanga papatipu. Mā te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te taumaha o te waka, ka iti ake te whakapaunga wahie, ka nui ake rānei te whānuitanga o ngā waka hiko. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā kirihou ka taea ngā hoahoa wāhanga uaua, te whakauru i ngā mahi maha ki roto i te wāhanga kotahi, me ngā whakarei ake i te whakamarie pērā i te whakaiti i te wiri me te haruru.
Ko ngā momo kirihou e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga wāhanga motuka me ngā tikanga whakaputa e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā wheketere.
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1) Polypropylene (PP)
Ngā āhuatanga matua: māmā, ātete ki ngā matū, ngāwari, iti te utu, ngāwari ki te tukatuka.
Ngā whakamahinga o ngā motuka: ngā taupoki parepare, ngā whakapaipai o roto, ngā panera tatau, ngā whare tātari hau, ngā parepare o raro i te tinana, me ngā momo topenga/whakapiri. He maha ngā wā ka whakarerekētia te PP ki te PP kua whakakiia ki te talc kia nui ake ai te pakari me te pumau o ngā āhuatanga, ka honoa rānei ki ngā elastomers hei whakanui ake i te ātete pānga.
Tikanga whakaputa:
– Te whakahāngai werohanga: Ka rewahia ngā pire PP, kātahi ka werohangahia ki roto i tētahi whakahāngai pēhanga teitei. He pai mō ngā wāhanga tino taipitopito, ātete-kikī pērā i ngā kutikuti, ngā topenga, me ngā whare.
– Te Hanga Wera: Ka whakamahanahia ngā rau PP kia ngawari, kātahi ka hangaia mā te whakamahi i te pokepoke korehau/pēhi. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei tikanga mō ngā panera tiaki, mō ētahi wāhanga o roto nui rānei.
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2) Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Ngā āhuatanga matua: mārō, mata pai, ngāwari ki te peita/whakaoti, ātete pai ki te pānga.
Ngā tono mō ngā motuka: ngā papaaho whakahaere, ngā whakapaipai o roto, ngā taupoki whakaata mō ētahi wāhanga, ngā mata whakapūhauhautanga, me ngā wāhanga ataahua.
Tikanga whakaputa:
– Te whakahāngai werohanga: He mea tukatuka noa te ABS mā te werohanga nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakaputa i ngā mata maeneene me ngā taipitopito hoahoa koi.
– Te whakakikorua/peita i muri i te tukanga: he maha ngā wāhanga ABS ka tukuna ki ngā tukanga tāpiri pēnei i te peita, te whakakikorua hiko rānei (hei tauira, te āhua chrome) kia pai ai te āhua.
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3) Ngā ranunga Polycarbonate (PC) me te PC/ABS
Ngā āhuatanga matua: He ātete nui te PC ki te pānga, ā, he pai te pumau o ngā āhuatanga; ka whakakotahi te PC/ABS i te pakari o te PC me te ngāwari o te tukatuka i te ABS.
Ngā tono mō ngā motuka: ngā arotahi rama mua, ngā wāhanga o roto e hiahia ana kia kaha ake, ngā anga, me ētahi wāhanga pou, wāhanga papatohu rānei.
Tikanga whakaputa:
– Te whakahāngai werohanga: mō ngā karāhe arotahi me ngā wāhanga tino tika. He maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he whakahaere tino tika mō ngā karāhe arotahi rama PC hei ārai i ngā hapa whatu.
– Paninga mārō: Ko ngā karāhe PC he mea pani ki te paninga mārō hei whakanui ake i te ātete ki te rakuraku me te ātete ki te UV, nā te mea he ngāwari ake te rakuraku i te karāhe PC parakore.
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4) Polyamide (PA / Nailon, hei tauira PA6 me PA66)
Ngā āhuatanga matua: te kaha, te ātete wera, te ātete kakahu, me te pai mō ngā taiao miihini. Heoi, ka mimiti te nairona i te makuku, nō reira me whai whakaaro ki ngā panonitanga āhua i roto i te hoahoa. He maha ngā wā ka whakapakarihia te nairona ki te muka karāhe hei hanga PA-GF hei whakanui ake i te pakari me te ātete wera.
Ngā tono mō ngā motuka: te ipu whakauru, te uhi miihini, te tāke pito radiator, te whare whakamahana hau, ngā taputapu iti, ngā hononga, me ngā wāhanga i roto i te wāhanga miihini.
Tikanga whakaputa:
– Te whakahāngai werohanga: te tikanga tino noa, inā koa mō te nairona kua whakakahangia ki te muka karāhe. Me whakamaroke i te rauemi i mua i tēnei tukanga nā te mea he hihiko te nairona (he mimiti wai), ā, ka puta he hapa i te wai.
– Te whakakikorua i te anga: i ētahi wā ka honoa te nairona ki te elastomer i roto i tētahi tukanga werohanga kotahi-wāhanga hei whakaputa i tētahi wāhi hiri kotahi.
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5) Polyethylene (PE: HDPE/LDPE)
Ngā āhuatanga matua: ātete matū, ātete pānga, ngāwari ki te hanga mō ngā wāhanga tuwhera.
Ngā tono mō ngā motuka: ngā tāke wai (ngā puna horoi), ngā paipa wai ngāwari, ngā ārai, me ētahi tono tāke motuhake.
Tikanga whakaputa:
– Te whakapūtanga pupuhi: Ka rewahia ngā pire PE ki roto i te parison (ngā ngongo kirihou wera), kātahi ka pupuhihia ki roto i te whakapūtanga kia piri rā anō ki ngā pakitara o te whakapūtanga, ka hanga he wāhanga tuwhera. He tino whai hua tēnei mō ngā puna wai me ngā tāke.
– Te whakahāngai hurihuri (whakahāngai roto): Ka whakamahanahia te paura PE i roto i te whakahāngai hurihuri hei hanga i ngā wāhanga matotoru, tuwhera; he puhoi ake, engari he pai mō ētahi āhua me ngā oma whakaputa rahi-waenga.
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6) Polyurethane (PU)
Ngā āhuatanga matua: he tino ngāwari te hanganga; he pahuka ngohengohe, he pahuka āhua-pakari, he elastomer totoka rānei. He pai ngā āhuatanga whakamāmā wiri.
Ngā whakamahinga mō ngā motuka: pahuka nohoanga, okiokinga pane, okiokinga ringa, pahuka urungi, whakawehenga NVH (haruru, wiri, kaha), me ētahi hiri me ngā peera.
Tikanga whakaputa:
– Te pahuka (tauhohenga matū): Ko te PU ka hangaia mā te tauhohenga o ngā wāhanga e rua (polyol me te isocyanate) hei whakaputa pahuka. Ka ringihia, ka werohia rānei te ranunga ki roto i te pokepoke, ka whakawhanui, ka whakapakeke.
– RIM (Reaction Werohanga Molding): he tukanga werohanga tauhohe hei whakaputa i ngā wāhanga he pai ake ngā whakaotinga mata me te whakahaere āhua pai ake, e whakamahia ana i ngā wāhanga āhua-pakari.
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7) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Ngā āhuatanga matua: ka taea te hanga ngāwari, te ātete ki te huarere, he pai mō te paninga me te tiaki.
Ngā whakamahinga motuka: ngā paninga waea here, ngā paninga o raro, ētahi paninga o roto, me te whakapaipai ngāwari.
Tikanga whakaputa:
– Te whakaputanga: Ka rewa te PVC ka panaia mā roto i te mata hei hanga i ngā kōtaha roa pēnei i te uhi taura, te kuti rānei.
– Te whakarārangi/te whakakikorua: hei hanga i ngā rau/kiri ka whakakikoruatia ki runga i te papa (hei tauira, ngā panera o roto).
Kia mōhio: i ētahi wā ka herea te whakamahinga o te PVC e ngā whakaaro taiao me ētahi ture, nō reira ka tahuri ētahi kaihanga ki ngā rauemi rerekē mō ētahi mahi.
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8) POM (Polyoxymethylene / Acetal)
Ngā āhuatanga matua: iti te waku, pumau te āhua, kaha, he pai hei "kirihou hangarau" mō ngā mīhini neke.
Ngā tono mō ngā motuka: ngā taputapu iti, ngā tikanga raka, ngā kakau, ētahi wāhanga o te pūnaha whitiki nohoanga, me ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana kia reti.
Tikanga whakaputa:
– Te whakahāngai werohanga: ka whakaputa i ngā wāhanga tino tika me ngā mata maeneene me ngā āheinga piri. He maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria te POM hei whakakapi i te konganuku i roto i ngā mīhini e kore e hiahiatia he pakaru iti.
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9) PET me te PBT (Polyester hangarau)
Ngā āhuatanga matua: pumau te āhua, he ātete wera pai, he pai ngā āhuatanga hiko (he mea nui mō ngā hononga). He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te PBT mō ngā wāhanga hiko.
Ngā tono mō ngā motuka: ngā hononga hiko, ngā whare pūoko, ngā wāhanga i ngā wāhi e hiahia ana ki te whakamarumaru me te ātete wera.
Tikanga whakaputa:
– Te whakahāngai werohanga: he mea tino noa, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he whakakaha muka karāhe hei whakapakari ake. He mea nui te whakahaere i te pāmahana o te tukanga mō te whakatiotanga pai me ngā āhuatanga miihini.
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Ngā tukanga whakaputa matua o ngā kirihou motuka (whakarāpopototanga)
Haunga te whakamārama mō ia rauemi, he maha ngā tikanga whakaputa hei poutokomanawa mō te hanga wāhanga kirihou motuka:
1. Te whakahāngai werohanga: te mea tere rawa atu, ā, ko te mea tino noa mō ngā āhua uaua; he pai mō ngā rahinga nui.
2. Te whakapūtanga pupuhi: he pai ake mō ngā wāhanga tuwhera pēnei i ngā tāke me ngā puna wai.
3. Whakaputa: mō ngā hua roa pērā i ngā ngongo, ngā kōtaha whakapaipai, me ngā paninga taura.
4. Te hanga i te werawera: te hanga i ngā pepa kirihou mō ngā panera nunui.
5. RIM me te pahuka: mō ngā wāhanga PU (huka nohoanga, ārai ru).
6. Te whakakikorua/te whakauru whakakikorua: te whakakotahi i te kirihou me te konganuku (whakauru) me te elastomer rānei hei hiri/pupuri i roto i te wāhanga kotahi.
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Te Katinga
Ehara i te mea he whakakapinga konganuku iti ake te utu mō ngā mahi motuka ngā kirihou, engari he rauemi hangarau e āhei ai te hanga i ngā hoahoa māmā ake, marino ake, ātete ake ki te waikura, me te ngāwari ake ki te whakakī. Ko te PP te mea nui mō ngā roto me ngā parepare, ko te ABS me te PC/ABS te mea nui mō te ataahua me te pakari, ko te nairona te mea nui mō ngā wāhi miihini, he pono te PE mō ngā tāke tuwhera, ko te PU te kaupapa matua o te whakamarie o ngā nohoanga, ko te POM, PBT, me te PET te mea nui mō ngā wāhanga miihini me te hiko tino tika.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarite i tēnei tuhinga kia rite ki ō hiahia mahi (hei tauira, tāpirihia he rārangi pukapuka, he tūtohi rere tukanga, he tauira rānei o ngā wāhanga motuhake mō ia wāhanga waka: roto, waho, pūnaha hiko, me te hiko).
