Te Whakatau i te Utu Hoko o ngā Hua, Ratonga rānei
Ko te whakatau i te utu hoko tētahi o ngā whakataunga tino nui i roto i te pakihi. Ehara te utu i te tau noa i runga i te tapanga, i roto rānei i tētahi tono ratonga; he tohu uara, he rautaki hei toa i te mākete, he taputapu hoki hei pupuri i te haere tonu o te pakihi. Ka taea e te utu teitei rawa te pana atu i ngā kaihoko pea, engari ka taea e te utu iti rawa te whakaiti i ngā hua me te kino hoki ki te tirohanga ki te kounga. Nō reira, ko te whakatau i te utu hoko o tētahi hua, ratonga rānei me whai i tētahi huarahi ine, kaua e whakaaro noa, e whai rānei i ngā kaiwhakataetae.
1. Te mārama ki ngā utu: te pūtake o te utu
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te whakatau i ngā utu ko te mārama ki ngā utu. He maha ngā pakihi e hinga ana mā te tatau noa i te utu o ngā rauemi mata, me te wareware ki ētahi atu utu e kai puku ana i ngā hua.
Ko te tikanga, ka wehea ngā utu ki:
a. Ngā utu pumau
Ko ngā utu kāore anō kia rerekē ahakoa ka piki, ka heke rānei te rahinga hoko, hei tauira, te reti, ngā utu kaimahi tuturu, ngā ohaurunga pūmanawa, te ipurangi tari, te whakahekenga uara o ngā taputapu, me ngā utu whakahaere.
b. Ngā utu taurangi
Ngā utu e rerekē ana i runga i te nui o te whakaputanga, ngā ratonga rānei e tukuna ana. Hei tauira, ko ngā rauemi mata, te takai, ngā utu tuku mō ia ota, ngā komihana hoko, ngā utu mahi rānei mō ia kaupapa.
Mō ngā ratonga, ko ngā utu rerekē he maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki ngā hāora mahi, ngā utu kawe, ngā raihana taputapu e whakamahia ana mō ia kaupapa, ngā utu kirimana rānei.
Kia mārama koe ki ō utu, tautuhia te utu o ngā taonga kua hokona (COGS). Mō ngā hua, e mōhiotia ana tēnei ko te COGS (Utu o ngā Taonga kua Hokona), engari mō ngā ratonga, ka taea te tatau hei utu mō ia kaupapa, hei utu mō ia hāora rānei. Mai i konei, ka taea e koe te whakatau i te "utu iti rawa" hei karo i ngā mate.
2. Whakatauhia ngā whāinga o te utu
He rerekē te utu "tika" i ia pakihi, i ia pakihi, nā te mea ka rerekē pea ā rātou whāinga. Pātai atu ki a koe anō: he aha ō kaupapa matua i tēnei wā?
Ko ētahi whāinga whānui o te utu:
1. Whakanuia ngā hua: he pai mō ngā hua he pumau te tono me ngā painga mārama.
2. Te urunga ki te mākete: te whakaiti i ngā utu hei kukume mai i ētahi atu kiritaki i te tīmatanga.
3. Te whakawhānui ake i te wāhi mākete: he huinga o ngā utu whakataetae me ngā whakatairanga kaha.
4. Te hanga i tētahi āhua kounga teitei: ngā utu teitei ake hei whakanui i te kounga, te wheako, me te motuhaketanga.
5. Kia mau tonu te rere o te moni: arotahi ki te tere o te hurihanga me te maeneene o ngā utu.
Ki te whai whāinga mārama, e kore koe e ngāwari te huri ina pāngia koe e te pēhanga o ngā hekenga utu, e ngā pakanga utu rānei.
3. Tātari uara: ka whai te utu i ngā painga, ehara i te utu anake
Ko tētahi hapa noa a ngā rangatira pakihi iti ko te utu e ahu mai ana i te utu: te utu + te tawhē. Heoi, ko ngā painga kei te hokona e ngā kiritaki, ehara i te pūrongo utu. Nō reira, whakaarohia te utu e ahu mai ana i te uara: ko te uara e kitea ana e te kiritaki ka whakatauhia.
Hei tauira, ehara i te mea ko te wā hoahoa anake te kaupapa o ngā ratonga hoahoa waitohu, engari ko tōna pānga ki te ahua o te waitohu, te whakawhirinaki o te kiritaki, me te tipu pea o ngā hoko. Ehara i te mea ko te hanganga o ngā kai anake te kaupapa o ngā hua tiaki kiri, engari ko te haumaru, ngā hua, me te wheako o te kaiwhakamahi.
Hei ine i te uara, ka taea e koe te:
– Keria kia mārama te raruraru a te kiritaki me tōna tere.
– Aromatawai i ngā hua ka puta mai i a rātou (te penapena wā, te penapena utu, te pikinga o te moni whiwhi, te pikinga o te makona).
– Whakamahia ngā whakaaturanga, ngā rangahau take, me ngā raraunga putanga hei whakaū i te uara.
Ka mārama ake tō whakaatu i te uara, ka kaha ake tō tūnga ki te whakatakoto utu hauora ake.
4. Rangahau whakataetae: paearu, kaua e ngohengohe
He mea nui te tātari i ngā utu a ngā kaiwhakataetae, engari ehara i te mea me iti ake te utu i ngā wā katoa. Ko tāu mahi he whakatairite i:
– Awhe utu mākete (te iti rawa ki te tino utu nui)
– Ngā āhuatanga, te kounga, te ratonga muri-hoko, te pūtāhui, me te ingoa pai
– Wāhanga ūnga (tahua, waenga-awhe, utu nui)
– Me pēhea te whakaatu i ngā tuku (ngā mōkihi, ngā putea tāpiri, ngā mema)
Mena kei te hoko ngā kaiwhakataetae i te utu iti iho, pātai atu ki a koe anō: he rite tonu te kounga o ā rātou mea? Kei te whakatakahia e rātou te ratonga? He nui ake rānei rātou, ā, nō reira ka whakaitihia ngā utu? Mai i reira, ka taea e koe te whakatau i te rerekētanga, ehara i te mea ko ngā utu iti iho anake.
5. Kōwhiria te tikanga utu tika
He maha ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana:
a. Utu tāpiri (utu + tawhē)
Ko te mea māmā rawa. He tino pai mō ngā pakihi e tīmata ana.
Tātai māmā:
Utu hoko = te utu katoa mō ia waeine + te tawhē
b. Utu whakataetae (i runga i ngā kaiwhakataetae)
He pai mō ngā mākete he rite ngā hua, ā, he kaha hoki te whakataetae.
Engari me tūpato koe kei mau koe i roto i te pakanga utu.
c. Te utu e ahu mai ana i te uara (e ahu mai ana i te uara)
He pai mō ngā ratonga ngaio, ngā hua ahurei, ngā waitohu rānei he rerekētanga kaha.
d. Utu taumata / mōkihi taumata
He maha ngā kōwhiringa e tukuna ana, hei tauira, Taketake–Paerewa–Premium.
Mā tēnei ka āwhina i ngā kiritaki ki te whiriwhiri i runga i tā rātou tahua, ā, ka hoatu hoki ki a koe ngā kōwhiringa hokohoko ake.
e. Te utu hinengaro
Tauira: He "iti ake te utu" o te Rp. 99.000 i te Rp. 100.000.
Me hanga rānei te utu mōkihi kia āhua iti ake te utu i te hoko takitahi.
Ko te tikanga pai rawa atu he huinga, hei tauira, ko te utu hei rohe iti rawa, ko ngā kaiwhakataetae hei tohutoro, me te uara hei whakatau i te tūranga whakamutunga.
6. Te tatau i ngā tawhē me te pupuri i te hauora o te pakihi
Ehara i te mea ko te "rahi o te hua e hiahiatia ana" anake te mea nui o te tawhē, engari me uru atu ki:
- ngā utu whakahaere warewarehia
– ngā mōrearea (ngā taonga pakaru, ngā whakahokinga mai, ngā whakatikatika, ngā utunga tomuri)
– ngā utu hokohoko (pānui, ihirangi, hekenga utu, komihana)
– te whakawhanaketanga pakihi (ngā taputapu hou, te whakangungu, te rangahau hua)
– he pai te hua kupenga
Hei tauira, ki te hoko koe i ngā hua he iti rawa ngā tawhē, mā te pikinga iti o ngā utu rauemi, utu kaipuke rānei ka puta he mate tonu. Nō reira, arotakehia ngā tawhē i ia wā, inā koa ka huri ngā āhuatanga o te mākete.
7. Ngā rautaki whakahekenga utu me te whakatairanga: kaua e whakaheke noa i ngā utu
He whai hua pea ngā hekenga utu, engari ki te nui rawa, ka tatari ngā kaihoko mō tētahi whakatairanga, ā, ka kite rātou he nui rawa te utu noa. Whakamahia ngā hekenga utu me te kaupapa mārama, hei tauira:
– te whakakotahitanga (mōkihi penapena)
– hekenga utu mō te hoko tuatahi (te hoko)
– ngā hekenga mō ngā hoko nui (rarawe)
– ngā whakatairanga ā-wā (ngā wā motuhake)
– kaupapa pono (pupuri)
He pai ake te waihanga uara tāpiri (ngā pōnahi, ngā ratonga tāpiri, ngā pūtāhui roa ake) i te whakaheke noa i ngā utu, inā koa mēnā kei te hiahia koe ki te hanga i tētahi waitohu kaha.
8. Whakamātautau me te aromatawai utu ā-wā
Ehara te utu i te whakatau kotahi noa i te ao. Me whakamātau koe, me arotake hoki i runga i ngā raraunga:
– mēnā i piki ake, i heke iho rānei ngā hoko i muri i te panonitanga o te utu
– kei te amuamu ngā kaihoko mō te utu, kāore rānei he raruraru?
– e rawaka ana te tawhē hei utu i ngā whakapaunga me te whakaputa hua?
– mēnā ka huri te rautaki a ngā kaiwhakataetae
– kei te piki ake ngā utu mō ngā rauemi mata, ngā utu whakahaere rānei?
Ka taea e koe te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau A/B māmā i runga i ngā hongere motuhake, te whakapiki haere rānei i ngā utu hei ine i te urupare a te mākete. Ko te mea nui ko te ine tonu i te pānga.
9. Whakamutunga
Ko te whakatau i te utu hoko o tētahi hua, ratonga rānei, he huinga o ngā tataunga utu, te mārama ki te uara o te kiritaki, me te rautaki mākete. Kaua e taka ki te mahanga o te whai noa i ngā kaiwhakataetae, te whakaheke rānei i ngā utu kia tere ai te hoko. Ko te utu tika ko tētahi e whakarato ana i te uara ki ngā kiritaki me te pupuri tonu i te hauora o te pakihi, te tipu, me te tuku tonu i ngā hua kounga teitei. Mā te tatau taipitopito i ngā utu, te whakatakoto whāinga, te mahere uara, me te whakahaere aromatawai auau, ka taea e koe te whakatau i tētahi utu e kore e hoko noa engari he whai hua hoki i te wā roa.
