Te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua o te ōhanga moroiti me te ōhanga nui
Ko te ōhanga te ako i te āhua o ngā whakataunga a ngā tāngata takitahi, ngā umanga, me ngā kāwanatanga i raro i ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi iti. I roto i te mahi, ka wehea te ōhanga ki ngā peka matua e rua, he mea tautoko: te ōhanga moroiti me te ōhanga nui. Ka tirohia e te ōhanga moroiti te whanonga o ngā wāhanga iti pēnei i ngā whare me ngā umanga, ko te ōhanga nui ia ka titiro ki te ōhanga whānui—hei tauira, te tipu ōhanga, te pikinga utu, me te kore mahi. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā mea e rua hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga o ia rā, mai i te pikinga o ngā utu o ngā taonga taketake ki ngā huringa o ngā reiti huamoni peeke.
He aha te ōhanga moroiti?
Ko te ōhanga moroiti he peka o te ōhanga e ako ana i ngā whakataunga ōhanga i te taumata takitahi, i te taumata rōpū iti rānei. Ko tana arotahi ko te whanonga a te kaihoko, te whanonga a te kaihanga, te hanganga utu i roto i ngā mākete, me te pehea e whakatau ai te taunekeneke i waenga i te tuku me te tono i te tohatoha rauemi.
1. Te koretake me te kōwhiringa
Ko te ariā taketake o te ōhanga moroiti ka tīmata i te koretake: he mutunga kore ngā hiahia o te tangata, engari he iti ngā rauemi pēnei i te wā, te moni, me ngā rauemi mata. Nō reira, me whiriwhiri te katoa. He utu whai wāhitanga kei ia kōwhiringa, arā, te uara o te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu ka patua ina whiriwhiri tātou. Hei tauira, ina whakatau tetahi ki te hoko waea pūkoro hou, ko te utu whai wāhitanga he moni pea ka taea te whakamahi hei penapena, hei haumi, hei hoko rānei i ētahi atu mea e hiahiatia ana.
2. Te tuku me te tono
Ko ngā ariā e rua e tino mōhiotia ana i roto i te ōhanga moroiti ko te tono me te tuku. Ko te tono e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te utu me te nui o te taonga e hiahia ana ngā kaihoko ki te hoko. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te teitei ake o te utu, ko te iti ake o te nui e hiahiatia ana. I tetahi atu taha, ko te tuku e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te utu me te nui o te taonga e hiahia ana ngā kaihanga ki te hoko; ko te teitei ake o te utu, ko te nui ake o te nui e tukuna ana.
Ko te hononga o te tuku me te tono ka hua ake he utu taurite me te rahinga taurite. Mena kei runga ake te utu i te taurite, he toenga. Mena kei raro iho te utu i te taurite, he hapa. Ka ngana ngā tikanga mākete ki te urutau ki ēnei āhuatanga mā roto i ngā huringa utu.
3. Te ngāwari
Ko te ngāwari o te hoko ka ine i te tairongo o te tono, te tuku rānei ki ngā panonitanga o tētahi āhuatanga, inā koa te utu. Mēnā ka heke te tono mā te 10% neke atu i te 10% i te pikinga o te utu, ka kiia he ngāwari te tono. Hei tauira, ko ngā taonga papai, ko ngā taonga he maha ngā whakakapinga. I tua atu, ka puta te tono kore ngāwari mō ngā mea e hiahiatia ana, ngā taonga rānei e uaua ana ki te whakakapi, pērā i te raihi, te hiko rānei.
He mea nui te mārama ki te ngāwari o te piki me te heke o te utu mō ngā kamupene me ngā kāwanatanga. Ka whakamahia e ngā kamupene hei whakatau i ngā rautaki utu, engari ka whakaarohia e ngā kāwanatanga ina whakatakoto ana i ngā taake. He māmā ake te kohi taake mō ngā taonga kāore e ngāwari te piki me te heke o te tono nā te mea kāore te kai e heke tere.
4. Te ariā o te whanonga a te kaihoko me te kaihanga
I te taha kaihoko, ka tirohia e te ohanga moroiti te huarahi e whakanuia ai e te tangata te whai huatanga i roto i te tahua iti. Ka whiriwhiria e te kaihoko te huinga o ngā taonga e whakarato ana i te makona nui rawa atu i roto i tā rātou moni whiwhi.
I te taha kaihanga, ko te whāinga a ngā kamupene he whakanui i ngā hua mā te whakaiti i ngā utu me te whakatau i te putanga tino pai. Ko ngā ariā pēnei i ngā utu pumau, ngā utu rerekē, ngā utu taha, me te moni whiwhi taha ka mahi hei taputapu tātari mō te whakatau i te nui hei whakaputa.
5. Hanganga mākete
Ka rangahau anō hoki a Micro i ngā hanganga mākete maha, pēnei i:
– Te whakataetae tino tika: he maha ngā kaihoko me ngā kaihoko, he ōrite ngā hua, ā, kāore e taea e tētahi rōpū te whakatau i tana ake utu.
– Te mana motuhake: kotahi te kaihoko matua, he nui ngā arai ki te whakaurunga, ā, ka taea e te kamupene te awe i ngā utu.
– Oligopoly: he torutoru noa iho ngā kamupene nunui e whakahaere ana i te mākete, ā, ka pāngia ētahi atu e ngā whakataunga a tētahi kamupene.
– Whakataetae takitahi: he maha ngā kaihoko engari he rerekē ngā hua (hei tauira, te umanga kai tere).
Ko te hanganga mākete e whakatau ana i te taumata whakataetae, te rautaki a te kamupene, me te whai huatanga ohaoha i roto i tētahi ahumahi.
He aha te ōhanga whānui?
Ki te titiro te ōhanga moroiti ki ngā "rākau," ka titiro te ōhanga nui ki te "ngahere." Ka ako te ōhanga nui i te ōhanga whānui, tae atu ki ngā tohu nui pēnei i te moni whiwhi ā-motu, te pikinga utu, te kore mahi, me ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga hei pupuri i te pumau o te ōhanga.
1. Te Hua ā-Rohe Katoa (GDP) me te tipu ōhanga
Ko tētahi o ngā mehua matua o te ōhanga whānui ko te Hua ā-Rohe Katoa (GDP), te uara katoa o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga i hangaia i roto i tētahi whenua i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. Ko te tipu o te GDP e whakaata ana mēnā kei te whānui, kei te heke rānei tētahi ōhanga.
Heoi, kāore te GDP e whakaata tika ana i te oranga tonutanga. Hei tauira, ka piki pea te GDP engari ka piki pea te kore taurite o te whiwhinga moni, ka puta rānei te tipu me te whakaiti i te kino o te taiao. Nō reira, he maha ngā tohunga e whakapono ana me tāpiri atu ki te GDP ētahi atu tohu pēnei i te taupū whanaketanga tangata me te reiti rawakore.
2. Te pikinga utu me te pumau o ngā utu
Ko te pikinga utu he pikinga whānui, pumau hoki o ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga. Ka whakaitihia te mana hoko o te tangata e te pikinga utu nui rawa, ā, ka waihangahia he āwangawanga mō ngā pakihi. Heoi, ko te pikinga utu iti rawa, te whakahekenga utu rānei, ka taea hoki te mōrearea nā te mea ka taea te whakaiti i te hoko me te haumi.
Ka puta te pikinga utu i ngā āhuatanga kukume tono, pērā i te pikinga tere o te kai, i ngā āhuatanga pana utu rānei, pērā i te pikinga o te utu pūngao, rauemi mata rānei. Ko te whakahaere i te pikinga utu he kawenga tonu nā te peeke pokapū mā te kaupapa here reiti huamoni me te whakahaere i te tuku moni.
3. Te Kore Mahi
He take nui te kore mahi i roto i te ōhanga whānui nā te mea he pānga tika ki te oranga. Ka pāngia ngā reiti kore mahi e ngā huringa pakihi (ka piki ake te kore mahi nā te paheketanga o te ōhanga), te huringa hangarau, tae atu ki te kore taurite i waenga i ngā pūkenga mahi me ngā hiahia o te mākete.
I roto i te ōhanga, he maha ngā momo kore mahi, pērā i te kore mahi hanganga (nā ngā huringa o te hanganga ōhanga), te kore mahi waku (nā te nekehanga mahi), me te kore mahi huringa (nā te hekenga o te tono whānui). He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā kaupapa here whakangungu mahi, ngā whakatenatena haumi, me te pumau ōhanga hei whakaiti i te kore mahi.
4. Kaupapa here pūtea me te kaupapa here moni
He hononga tata tō te macro ki ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga me te peeke matua.
– Ko te kaupapa here pūtea te kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga e pā ana ki ngā taake me ngā whakapaunga a te iwi. Ina ngoikore te ōhanga, ka taea e te kāwanatanga te whakanui ake i ngā whakapaunga, te whakaiti rānei i ngā taake hei whakaoho i te tono. Ina wera rawa te ōhanga, ka taea e te kāwanatanga te aukati i ngā whakapaunga, te whakapiki rānei i ngā taake hei aukati i te pikinga o ngā utu.
– Ka whakatinanahia te kaupapa here pūtea e te peeke matua, hei tauira mā te whakapiki, te whakaheke rānei i ngā reiti huamoni. Ko ngā reiti huamoni iti ka akiaki i te nama me te haumi, ko ngā reiti huamoni teitei ia ka aukati i te hoko me te pikinga utu.
Me hono ngātahi ēnei kaupapa here e rua kia taea ai te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga ōhanga pēnei i te tipu, te pumau o ngā utu, me te ōritetanga.
5. Ngā reiti whakawhiti moni me te hokohoko ā-ao
He nui hoki te pānga o te ao whānui ki te ōhanga whānui mā roto i ngā āhuatanga o waho. Ko ngā reiti whakawhiti moni te mea e whakatau ana i te utu o ngā taonga kawemai me ngā taonga kaweake. Ina ngoikore te moni, ka kaha ake te whakataetae o ngā kaweake, engari ka nui ake te utu o ngā kawemai, ā, ka taea te whakaoho i te pikinga o te utu, inā koa mēnā ka whakawhirinaki te whenua ki te pūngao kawemai, ki ngā rauemi mata rānei.
Ka huaki ake ngā whai wāhitanga mākete whānui ake i te hokohoko ā-ao, engari ka whakapiki ake hoki i te whakataetae. Ko te tikanga, ka whakatauritea e ngā kāwanatanga ngā painga o te hokohoko me te tiaki i ngā ahumahi motuhake mā roto i ngā taripa, ngā kuota, ngā whakaaetanga hokohoko rānei.
Te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ōhanga moroiti me te ōhanga nui
Ahakoa ngā rerekētanga o ō rātou arotahi, he hononga kei waenganui i ngā ōhanga moroiti me ngā ōhanga whānui. Ina whakakotahihia ngā whakataunga takitahi me ngā whakataunga pakihi (moroiti), ka hangaia he tohu ōhanga whānui. Hei tauira, ina whakaitihia e te maha o ngā whare te whakapaunga nā te wehi kei pā mai he hokinga whakamuri, ka heke te tono whānui, ā, ka puhoi te tipu ōhanga. I tetahi atu taha, ka pāngia ngā whakataunga ōhanga whānui pēnei i te pikinga o ngā reiti huamoni e ngā kaupapa here ōhanga whānui: ka piki ake ngā utunga nama, ka heke te kai, ā, ka whakaroahia e ngā kamupene te whakawhānui.
Mā te mārama ki tēnei whanaungatanga ka kite tātou kāore ngā take ōhanga e tū motuhake. Hei tauira, ka taea te tātari i te pikinga o ngā utu raihi i runga i te taumata moroiti mā roto i ngā utu tuku me te whakaputa, engari i runga anō hoki i te taumata whānui mā roto i te pikinga utu, ngā reiti whakawhiti moni, ngā kaupapa here kawemai rānei.
Te Katinga
Ko te ōhanga iti me te ōhanga nui he tirohanga e rua hei mārama ki te ao ōhanga. Ka whakamārama te ōhanga iti i te hanganga o ngā utu, te whakatau a ngā kaihoko me ngā kaihanga, me te whakahaere o ngā mākete. Ka āwhina te ōhanga nui i a tātou ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga o tētahi whenua, ki te mārama ki te pikinga utu, te kore mahi, te tipu, me te tūranga o ngā kaupapa here a te iwi. Mā te mōhio ki ngā kaupapa matua, ka taea e tātou te aro nui ake ki ngā purongo ōhanga, te whakatau whakaaro nui ake i ngā whakataunga pūtea, me te mārama ake ki te pānga o ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga ki ō tātou oranga o ia rā.
