Te Tātaritanga Tūponotanga i roto i te Putea Pūtea
E māramahia ana te haumitanga hei mahi ki te hanga taonga mā te haumi ki ngā momo taputapu, pērā i ngā hea, ngā here, ngā tahua moni tahi, te koura, te whenua rānei. Heoi, kei muri i te pūmanawa mō te hua, kei reira tonu te mōrearea. Nō reira, ko te tātari i te mōrearea i roto i tētahi putea haumitanga he taahiraa nui kia taea ai e ngā kaipupuri moni te whakatau whakaaro nui ake, inehia hoki e hangai ana ki ā rātou whāinga pūtea. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā o te mōrearea, ōna momo, me pēhea te ine, me ngā rautaki mahi mō te whakahaere i roto i tētahi putea.
1. Kia Mārama ki ngā Mōrearea i roto i te Hāumitanga
Ko te mōrearea haumitanga ko te tūponotanga ka rerekē ngā hua tuturu i ngā hua e tumanakohia ana. Tērā pea he iti ake ngā hua, he mate wā poto, he mate tuturu rānei tēnei rerekētanga. He rerekē ngā āhuatanga mōrearea o ia taputapu. Hei tauira, e mōhiotia ana he pōturi ake ngā hea engari he kaha ki te whakaputa hua nui. I tetahi atu taha, he pumau ake ngā here kāwanatanga engari he iti ake ngā hua.
He maha ngā kaipupuri moni tauhou e aromatawai ana i te mōrearea mā te "hurihuri utu" anake. Heoi, he maha atu ngā āhuatanga o te mōrearea e pā ana ki tēnei, pērā i te kaha o te rawa ki te hoko tere, ngā huringa o ngā reiti huamoni, te pikinga utu, tae noa ki te korenga o te kaiwhakaputa ki te whakatutuki i ana herenga. Me mārama whānui ki ēnei pūtake mōrearea hei tātari mōrearea pakari.
2. Ngā Momo Mōrearea i roto i te Putea Moni
I roto i te horopaki o tētahi putea, ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā mōrearea ki ētahi momo matua:
a. Te Mōrearea o te Mākete
Ko te mōrearea mākete ko te mōrearea o te hekenga o te uara o ngā rawa nā ngā nekehanga whānui o te mākete. I ngā wā raruraru ōhanga, ngā kare ā-roto kino, ngā koretake o te ao tōrangapū rānei, ka taea te heke i te uara o ngā hea me ētahi atu rawa mōrearea i te wā kotahi. He uaua ki te karo katoa i te mōrearea mākete, engari ka taea te whakahaere mā te whakawhanui i ngā rawa me ngā whakatikatika tohatoha.
b. Mōrearea Motuhake (Mōrearea Āhua Motuhake)
Ko ngā mōrearea motuhake e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga o roto i tētahi kamupene, i tētahi taputapu rānei, pērā i te hekenga o te mahi pakihi, ngā hē whakahaere, ngā huringa rautaki rānei i rahua. Ka taea te whakaiti i ēnei mōrearea mā te whakawhanui, nā te mea kāore ngā raruraru ki tētahi rawa kotahi e pā nui ki tētahi putea mena he iti, he whānui hoki tōna taumaha.
c. Te Mōrearea o te Wairewa
Ka puta te mōrearea moni ina uaua ki ngā kaipupuri moni te hoko tere i ngā rawa i te utu tika. Ka kore pea e moni ngā rawa, ngā hea iti, ētahi taonga rānei i te wā e mataku ana te mākete. Nō reira, me whakaae pea ngā kaipupuri moni ki ngā utu iti iho hei hoko tere i ngā rawa.
d. Te Mōrearea o te Reiti Huamoni
He mea nui rawa te mōrearea o ngā reiti huamoni mō ngā here. Ina piki ake ngā reiti huamoni, ka heke iho ngā utu here nā te mea he pai ake ngā reiti tīkitipati e tukuna ana e ngā here hou. Ka pā anō hoki tēnei mōrearea ki ngā hea, nā te mea ka taea e ngā reiti huamoni teitei ake te whakaiti i te kai me te haumi, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā tūmanakohanga hua a te kamupene.
e. Te Mōrearea o te Pikinga
Ka whakaitihia te mana hoko o te moni e te pikinga utu. Ko te putea e ahua "hua ana" i te taha ingoa, tera pea kei te ngaro moni tūturu mena ka iti ake te pikinga o tōna uara i te pikinga utu. Me whakarite e ngā kaipupuri moni kei roto i ā rātou putea ngā rawa ka taea te whakakore i te pikinga utu, pēnei i ngā hea, ngā rawa, ngā taonga rānei. ngā taputapu e pā ana ngā taonga i roto i ngā wāhanga e tika ana.
f. Mōrearea Nama (Mōrearea Nama)
Ko te mōrearea nama ko te tūponotanga ka kore e taea e te kaiwhakaputa o tētahi here, o tētahi taputapu nama rānei te utu. Ko ngā here umanga hua-teitei te tikanga ka tukuna he reiti tīkitipati teitei ake nā te mea ka nui ake te mōrearea nama. He mea nui te tātari i te whakatauranga nama a te kaiwhakaputa, ngā tauākī pūtea, me ngā āhuatanga ahumahi hei aromatawai i tēnei mōrearea.
3. Te Ine i te Mōrearea: Mai i te Hurihuri ki te Uara kei te Mōrearea
Ehara i te mea ko te kare ā-roto, ko te māramatanga noa iho te mea e tātarihia ana e te tātari mōrearea. He maha ngā inenga tauanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana:
a. Te Hurihuri (Te Paerewa Rerekētanga)
Ka ine te piki me te heke o ngā hokinga mai o tētahi rawa, o tētahi putea rānei i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. Ka nui ake te piki me te heke o ngā hokinga mai, ka nui ake te koretake o ngā hokinga mai. Heoi, ehara i te mea kino tonu te piki me te heke - ka taea e ngā kaipupuri moni pukuriri te whakamahi i tēnei hei waihanga i ngā whai wāhitanga mō ngā hokinga mai teitei ake.
b. Beta
Ka ine te Beta i te aro o tētahi hea, putea rānei ki ngā nekehanga o te mākete. Ko te beta i runga ake i te 1 te tikanga he tere ake te nekehanga o te rawa i te mākete, ko te beta i raro iho i te 1 te tikanga he nekehanga ārai ake. Ka āwhina te Beta i ngā kaipupuri moni ki te mārama ki te nui o te pānga o ngā piki me ngā heke o te mākete ki tētahi putea.
c. Te whakahekenga
Ko te hekenga ko te hekenga nui rawa atu o te uara o tētahi putea mai i tōna tihi ki tōna taumata iti rawa i mua i te whakaoranga. He mea nui tēnei inenga nā te mea e whakaata ana i te "hōhonutanga o te whara" kua pā ki tētahi kaipupuri moni. Ko ngā putea he nui ngā hekenga ka roa ake te whakaoranga.
d. Uara i te Mōrearea (VaR)
E whakatau ana te VaR i te mate nui rawa atu i tētahi taumata whakapono i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. Hei tauira, ko te VaR 1-rā o te IDR 10 miriona i te taumata whakapono 95% ko te tikanga he 5% te tūponotanga ka ngaro te putea neke atu i te IDR 10 miriona i roto i te rā kotahi. Ahakoa he whai hua, he iti noa iho ngā herenga o te VaR nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakaiti i ngā mate nui i ngā wā raruraru.
4. Te Whakawhanui: Te Pou Matua o te Whakahaere Mōrearea
Ko te kanorau he rautaki mō te hora i ngā haumitanga puta noa i ngā rawa maha hei whakaiti i te pānga o ngā mate mai i tētahi taputapu kotahi. Ko te kī ki te kanorau ehara i te mea ko te whakanui noa i te maha o ngā rawa, engari ko te whiriwhiri i ngā rawa he iti, he kino rānei ngā hononga. Hei tauira, he rerekē ngā hononga o ngā hea me ngā here i runga i ngā āhuatanga ōhanga. Ina heke te mākete hea , ka taea e ngā here kounga teitei te āwhina i te hekenga o tētahi putea.
Ka taea te whakahaere i te kanorau i ngā taumata maha:
– Ngā momo rawa katoa: ngā hea, ngā here, ngā mākete moni, ngā taonga hokohoko, ngā rawa whenua.
– Ngā rāngai whakawhiti: hangarau, kai, pūngao, hauora, me ētahi atu.
– Ngā rohe katoa: ā-rohe, ā-ao hoki, kia kore ai e whakawhirinaki ki tētahi whenua.
– Moni whakawhiti: he mea whai hua mō ngā kaipupuri moni e hiahia ana ki te whakawhiti moni ki tāwāhi, ki te whai wāhi atu rānei ki te haumi.
Heoi anō, he rohe anō hoki tō te kanorau. I te wā o te raruraru nui, ka taea e te nuinga o ngā rawa mōrearea te heke i te wā kotahi. Nō reira, me whakataurite e ngā kaipupuri moni te kanorau me te whiriwhiri rawa tiaki me te whakahaere moni.
5. Te Whakarerekē i te Mōrearea ki te Kōtaha me ngā Whāinga
Me hono tonu te tātari mōrearea ki te kōtaha mōrearea me ngā whāinga haumi a te kaipupuri moni. Me karo ngā kaipupuri moni e penapena ana mō ngā moni mātauranga i roto i ngā tau e rua e whai ake nei i ngā piki me ngā heke nui nā te poto o te wā whakaora. I tetahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā kaipupuri moni he 15–20 tau te roa o te wā e aro atu ana ki te piki me te heke o te uara nā te mea he wā tō rātou ki te whakatika i ngā huringa mākete.
Ko ngā āhuatanga nui hei whakaaroaro māu ko:
– Paenga-wā: ka roa ake, ka nui ake te manawanui ki te huringa.
– Ngā hiahia mō te moni whiwhi: mēnā ka hiahiatia ohoreretia he moni.
– Te pumau o te whiwhinga moni: mā te pumau o te whiwhinga moni ka nui ake ngā mōrearea.
– Manawanui hinengaro: te kaha ki te ora ina heke te putea.
6. Rautaki Whakahaere Mōrearea Pūkete
Ko ētahi rautaki whai hua e whakamahia whānuitia ana e ngā kaipupuri moni:
a. Te Tohatoha Rawa
Ko te tohatoha rawa e whakatau ana i te wāhanga haumitanga i roto i ia akomanga rawa. He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu ko te tohatoha rawa te mea nui rawa e awe ana i te mōrearea me ngā hokinga mai. mō te wā roaKo ngā kaipupuri moni matatika ka nui ake te haumi ki ngā here, ki ngā mākete moni rānei, ko ngā kaipupuri moni pukumahi ia ka nui ake te haumi ki ngā hea.
b. Te Whakataurite Anō i ia Wā
Ko te whakataurite anō ko te whakarerekē i te hanganga o te putea ki tōna whāinga tuatahi. Mēnā ka piki tere ngā hea, ka piki ake te taumaha, ā, ka nui ake te mōrearea o te putea i tō te whakamahere. Mā te whakataurite anō ka āwhina i te pupuri i tētahi kōtaha mōrearea ōrite, ā, ka akiakihia hoki te kaupapa o te "hoko nui, hoko iti."
c. Te Whakamahinga o ngā Taputapu Ārai
Ka whakamahia e ētahi kaipupuri moni ngā ārai pēnei i ngā kirimana tauwhitinga, te koura, ngā rawa tiaki rānei hei whakaiti i te pānga o ngā hekenga o te mākete. He whai hua pea te ārai, engari he utu me ngā uauatanga anō hoki, me mārama pai.
d. Te hanga whare Pūtea Āwhina
Ahakoa ehara i te wāhanga tika o tētahi putea haumi, ka whakaitihia e tētahi pūtea ohorere te tūponotanga ka akiakihia ngā kaipupuri moni ki te hoko rawa i te wā e heke ana te mākete nā te mea he nui ngā hiahia ohorere. He tūāpapa nui tēnei mō te whakatinana tonu i tētahi rautaki haumi.
7. Whakamutunga
Ko te tātari mōrearea i roto i tētahi putea haumitanga he tukanga e mārama ai ki ngā pūtake o te mōrearea, e ine ana i aua mōrearea i runga i te whakaaro tika, kātahi ka whakahaere i aua mōrearea mā roto i ngā rautaki pēnei i te whakawhanuitanga, te tohatoha rawa, te whakataurite anō, me te whakahaere pūtea. Kāore e taea te whakakore katoa i te mōrearea, engari ka taea te whakahaere kia rite ki ngā whāinga me ngā āheinga o te kaipupuri moni. Mā te huarahi hanganga, kāore e whai noa ngā kaipupuri moni i ngā hua engari ka hangaia hoki he putea e kaha ake ana ki te hurihanga o te mākete, ā, e pai ake ana te whakarite mō ngā āhuatanga ōhanga o te heke mai.
