Te Pūtea Ihirama me ngā Taputapu e Pā Ana: Ngā Pūtea e Hangai ana i ngā Mātāpono Ihirama
Pendahuluan
Kua noho te pūtea Ihirama hei kaupapa wera i ngā tekau tau tata nei. He rerekē te huarahi whakahaere pūtea a tēnei pūnaha i ērā o ngā pūnaha tuku iho, nā te mea e piri ana ki ngā mātāpono sharia Ihirama. Ehara i te mea he mea ātaahua noa te pūtea Ihirama ki ngā Mahometa engari he mea aro nui hoki ki te ao katoa nā tōna pumau me tōna tika. Ka ruku hohonu ake tēnei tuhinga ki te pūtea Ihirama me ngā momo taputapu pūtea e pā ana ki tēnei.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Pūtea Ihirama
Ko te pūtea Ihirama e ahu mai ana i ngā mātāpono kua whakatūria i roto i te Sharia, te ture Ihirama i ahu mai i te Quran me te Hadith. Ko ngā mātāpono taketake o te pūtea Ihirama ko:
1. Te Ārai i te Huamoni (Huamoni): Ko te huamoni, ko te moni whiwhi rānei, he moni whiwhi kāore he uaua, he mōrearea rānei. I roto i te pūtea Ihirama, ka āraia tetahi tauwhitinga e whai hua ana.
2. Te aukati i te Gharar (Te Pōhēhē): Kāore e whakaaetia ngā whakawhitiwhitinga kei roto ngā āhuatanga pōhēhē, ngā whakapae rānei. Me mārama ngā kirimana katoa, ā, me kore he teka, he koretake rānei e pā kino ai ki tētahi o ngā rōpū.
3. Te aukati i te Maisir (Petipeti): Ka aukatia hoki ngā mahi petipeti e rite ana ki te petipeti i roto i te pūtea Ihirama.
4. Ngā Whakawhitiwhitinga Halal: Me uru ngā haumitanga me ngā whakawhitiwhitinga katoa ki roto i ngā whānuitanga e whakaaetia ana e te Sharia, ā, kaua e pā ki ngā mahi haram pērā i te petipeti, te waipiro, ngā hua poaka rānei.
5. Te Tika me te Ōritetanga: Me pupuri te mātāpono o te tika i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga. Kāore tetahi rōpū e whakaaetia kia tukinotia, kia tukinotia rānei i roto i tētahi whakawhitiwhitinga.
6. Te Mahi Ngātahi: Ka akiakihia e ngā mātāpono Sharia ngā momo mahi tahi e ahu mai ana i te tiritiri mōrearea tika me te mahi tahi i roto i te rāngai pakihi, i te rāngai haumi rānei.
Ngā Taputapu Pūtea Ihirama
Kua whakawhanakehia ētahi taputapu pūtea e tutuki ana i ngā tikanga pūtea Ihirama. Anei ētahi o aua taputapu:
1. Murabahah
Ko te Murabahah he tikanga hoko me te hoko atu e hokona ai e te peeke, e te umanga pūtea rānei ngā taonga mā te kaihoko, kātahi ka hokona anō ki te kaihoko me te whiwhinga moni kua whakaaetia. Mā tēnei whiwhinga moni ka utua e te peeke āna mahi ki te hoko me te whakarato i ngā taonga. He mārama tēnei tauwhitinga nā te mea e mōhio ana te kaihoko ki te utu hoko o ngā taonga me te whiwhinga moni e utua ana e te peeke.
2. Mudharabah
Ko te Mudharabah he hononga mahi tahi i waenganui i ngā rōpū e rua, ko tētahi rōpū (te rangatira o te whakapaipai) e whakarato ana i te 100% o te whakapaipai, ko tētahi atu rōpū (te mudharib, te kaiwhakahaere rānei) e whakarato ana i te tohungatanga me te whakahaere. Ka tohaina ngā hua o te mahi i runga i te whakaaetanga kua whakaaetia i mua, ko ngā mate ka pikaua e te rangatira o te whakapaipai anake.
3. Musharakah
Ko te Musharakah he momo hononga pakihi i waenganui i ngā rōpū e rua, neke atu rānei, e whakarato ana ngā rōpū katoa i te pūtea, ā, ka tohatohahia ngā hua me ngā mate i runga i te ōwehenga o ngā moni e haumihia ana e rātou. Ka akiakihia e tēnei ariā te whai wāhi kaha me te kawenga tahi ki te whakahaere i te pakihi.
4. Ijarah
Ko te Ijarah he momo kirimana rīhi e whiwhi ai tētahi rōpū (te kairihi) i te mana ki te whakamahi i tētahi rawa nō tētahi atu rōpū (te kairihi) ā, me utu e ia te reti mō taua rawa. E rua ngā momo matua o te ijarah: ko te ijarah muntahia bittamleek, e taea ai e te kairihi te hoko i te rawa rīhi i muri mai, me te ijarah me te kore e whai mana ki te rawa i te mutunga o te wā rīhi.
5. Sukuk
E kiia ana ngā sukuk he here Ihirama, engari ehara i te mea he taputapu nama. Ko ngā sukuk he tiwhikete whai wāhi, he tiwhikete mana rānei ki tētahi rawa taketake, e hoatu ana ki te kaipupuri sukuk he hea ki taua rawa. Ko te moni whiwhi mai i te rawa ka tohaina ki ngā kaipupuri sukuk hei hokinga mai i tā rātou haumitanga.
6. Wakalah
Ko te tikanga o te kupu Wakalah he māngai, he kaihoko rānei. I roto i te horopaki o te pūtea Ihirama, ko tōna tikanga he tangata, he hinonga rānei e whakatū ana i tētahi kaihoko hei mahi i ētahi mahi mā rātou, pērā i te whakatakoto rangahau, te whakahaere moni rānei. He pono te mahi a te kaihoko, ā, he kawenga ki te whakatutuki i ngā painga o te tumuaki, i runga i te whakaaetanga tuatahi.
Ngā Whakamahinga me ngā Wero o te Pūtea Ihirama
Kāore te pūtea Ihirama e whakamahia ana i ngā whenua he nui ngā Muslim anake, engari kua uru atu hoki ki te ao Hauāuru, kei reira ngā hua pūtea Ihirama e tīmata ana te tango e ngā peeke nui me ngā umanga pūtea ehara i te Muslim. E matapaetia ana ka eke te uara katoa o ngā rawa pūtea Ihirama ki te tiriona tāra, e whakaatu ana i te rahi me te hiranga o te rāngai ki te ōhanga o te ao.
Taupānga
– Pēke Ihirama: Ko ngā pēke Ihirama e mahi ana i runga i ngā mātāpono kua whakahuatia i runga ake nei, ā, e tuku ana i ngā hua pūtea maha pērā i te penapena, te pūtea, ngā kāri nama Ihirama, me ētahi atu e tutuki ana i te ture Ihirama.
– Inihuarangi, Takaful rānei: Ka whakahaerehia te inihuarangi Sharia (takaful) i runga i ngā mātāpono o te mahi tahi me te kawenga tahi. Ka whakamahia ngā takoha a ngā kaiuru hei āwhina i ngā hoa kaiuru e pāngia ana e ngā mate, e ngā āhuatanga kino rānei, i runga anō i ngā tukanga e tutuki ana i ngā ture sharia.
– Ngā Pūtea Sharia: He maha ngā hua pūtea Sharia, pērā i ngā pūtea tahi Sharia, ngā hea Sharia, me te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ko te sukuk (ngā here Sharia). E tutuki ana ēnei hua katoa i ngā mātāpono me ngā ture Sharia.
Wero
Ahakoa tōna tere tipu me te whakaae hihiri, he maha ngā wero kei mua i te pūtea Ihirama:
– Te Whakapūmautanga: Ko tētahi o ngā wero matua ko te korenga o ngā paerewa ā-ao ōrite i roto i te pūtea Ihirama. Tērā pea he rerekē ngā whakamāramatanga a ngā whenua rerekē mō ngā mātāpono Sharia.
– Te Manakohanga a te Iwi: Me nui te mātauranga me te toro atu ki te pūtea Ihirama hei whakatenatena i ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā kamupene kia mārama me te whakaae ki ōna mātāpono. He maha tonu ngā whakaaro hē i waenga i te marea whānui e kī ana he uaua ake te pūnaha Ihirama i te pūnaha tuku iho.
– Hanganga Ture me ngā Whakahaere: I ētahi rohe, ko te kore o ngā ture tautoko me ngā hanganga ture kaha tonu te arai nui ki te whanaketanga o te umanga pūtea Ihirama.
– Ngā Rauemi Tangata me te Tohungatanga: He wero tonu te hiahia mō ngā rauemi tangata kua whakangungua, kua pūkenga hoki i roto i te pūtea Ihirama. E hiahiatia ana he māramatanga hōhonu mō ngā mātāpono pūtea tuku iho me ngā mātāpono pūtea Ihirama mō tēnei huarahi.
Whakamutunga
He huarahi kē atu matatika, pumau hoki te pūtea Ihirama hei whakakapi i te whakahaere pūtea. Mā te piri ki ngā mātāpono sharia e aukati ana i te riba (te moni whakatupu), te gharar (gharar), me te maisir (te petipeti), me te whakatairanga i ngā tauwhitinga tika me te mārama, ehara i te mea he mea nui te pūtea Ihirama mō ngā Mahometa anake, engari he whānui hoki ngā painga mō te hapori o te ao. He maha ngā taputapu, pērā i te murabahah (ngā taputapu pūtea), te mudharabah (ngā taputapu pūtea), te musharakah (ngā taputapu pūtea), te ijarah (ngā taputapu pūtea), te sukuk (ngā here whenua), me te wakalah (ngā here whenua), e whakarato ana i ngā momo kōwhiringa mō te whakahaere pūtea matatika me te tika. Ahakoa ngā wero, he mārama te āhua o ngā tirohanga ā muri ake nei mō te pūtea Ihirama mēnā ka haere tahi me te kaha nui ki te wikitoria i ngā arai o nāianei me te whakaako i te marea.
