# Whakamāramatanga o te Akoranga Moana ā-Tūturu
Ko te oneorā he peka o te pūtaiao whenua e ako ana i te moana me ōna āhuatanga katoa e pā ana, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū, ā-whenua, me ā-koiora o te wai moana, tae atu ki ngā taunekeneke i waenga i te moana me te āhuarangi. O ngā momo kaupapa iti i roto i te oneorā, ko tētahi o ngā mea tino taketake ko te oneorā ā-tinana. Ko te oneorā ā-tinana e arotahi ana ki te ako i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā hihiri o te moana. Kei roto i tēnei ko te rangahau mō te nekehanga o te wai moana, te rere o te moana, ngā ngaru, ngā tai, te pāmahana, te tote (te nui o te tote), me te taunekeneke i waenga i te moana me te āhuarangi.
## Hītori o te Akoranga Moana ā-Tūturu
He tino hohonu ngā pūtake o te ako i te moana i ngā wā tōmua. I whakamahia e ngā Ihipiana me ngā Phoenicia o mua te moana mō te hokohoko me te whakatere, ā, nā te mōhiotanga ā-wheako mō ngā moana i taea ai e rātou te whakatere haumaru. Tērā pea i ahu mai ngā rangahau pūtaiao ōkawa i ngā Kariki o mua, i reira ngā tāngata pēnei i a Aristotle i tirotiro wawe i ngā āhuatanga o te moana. Heoi, kāore i tino tīmata te ako pūnaha o te moana ā-tinana tae noa ki te rautau 19, me te whanaketanga o te hangarau me ngā taputapu ine tika ake.
Ko tētahi o ngā misioni tino nui i roto i te hītori o te rangahau moana ko te haerenga a te HMS Challenger i waenganui i ngā tau 1872 me 1876. He maha ngā māramatanga i puta mai i tēnei haerenga mō ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga matū o te moana, ā, ko ōna raraunga te pūtake mō te maha o ngā rangahau moana i ngā tekau tau i muri mai.
## Te Whakawhitiwhiti o te Moana
Ko te rere o te moana he wāhanga matua o te ako moana ā-tinana e āwhina ana ki te mārama ki te nekehanga o te wai i roto i te moana. Ka taea te wehewehe i tēnei rere o te moana ki ngā wāhanga matua e rua: te rere o te mata me te rere o te hohonu.
### Te Tohanga o te Mata
Ko te hau te mea nui hei akiaki i te rere o te wai i runga i te mata. Ko ngā tauira hau o te ao ka hanga i ngā ia wai whānui, matatini hoki. Ko te ia wai rongonui ko te Gulf Stream i te Raki o te Moana Ataratiki, e kawe ana i te wai mahana mai i ngā rohe wera ki ngā moana o Ūropi ki te Hauāuru. He mea nui tēnei tauira ia wai mō te tohatoha o te wera ki runga i te Ao, e pā ana ki ngā āhuarangi ā-rohe, me te whakahaere i te kawe waka moana.
### Te Tohanga ā-Roto
E mōhiotia ana ko te tohanga thermohaline, ka pāngia te tohanga moana hohonu e ngā rerekētanga o te pāmahana me te tote. Ko te wai matao, tote he mea kiato ake, ka totohu, ko te wai mahana, iti ake te tote ka piki ake ki te mata. Mā tēnei tukanga ka hangaia he tohanga nui o te ao e kiia nei ko te "whitiki kawe" moana o te ao. He mahi nui tā tēnei whitiki kawe ki te whakahaere i te āhuarangi o te Ao mā te tohatoha i te wera mai i te rohe wera ki ngā pou.
## Ngā Ngaru me ngā Tai
### Ngā Ngaru
Ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta ngā ngaru o te moana i te hau e pupuhi ana i te mata o te moana. Ka taea e ngā ngaru te rerekē mai i ngā ngaru iti ki ngā ngaru nui ka kino ki ngā hanganga me te waipuke i te takutai. He mea nui te mahi a ngā ngaru ki te horo o te takutai, te kawe paru, me te taunekeneke i waenga i te moana me te āhuarangi.
### Piki, heke
Nā te kukume ā-papa i waenganui i a Papatūānuku, i te Marama, me te Rā i puta ai ngā tai. Nā tēnei kukume ā-papa ka neke te wai o te moana, ka puta ai ngā āhuatanga o ngā tai teitei me ngā tai iti. He huringa o ia rā, o ia marama hoki ngā tai, ā, he pānga nui ki ngā pūnaha rauropi takutai me ngā mahi a te tangata i ngā rohe takutai.
## Ngā Take Ā-Tinana: Te Pāmahana me te Tote
### Te pāmahana
He rerekē rawa te pāmahana o te wai moana i runga i te tauwāhi whenua, te hohonutanga, me te wā. Ka pāngia te mātotoru o te wai e ngā huringa pāmahana o te moana, ā, ka pāngia hoki te rere o te wai i roto i te moana. Nō reira, he mea nui ngā raraunga pāmahana o te moana i roto i ngā rangahau moana ā-tinana. Mā ngā hangarau hou pēnei i ngā amiorangi me ngā pūoko raro wai ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te aroturuki i ngā pāmahana o te moana i te wā tūturu me te taumira teitei.
### Te tote
Ka ine te tote i te nui o ngā tote kua rewa i roto i te wai moana, ā, ka pā hoki ki te mātotoru o te wai. He maha ngā āhuatanga ka pā ki ngā rerekētanga tote, tae atu ki te mimiti, te ua, te rewa o te hukapapa, me te rere o te awa ki te moana. Pērā i te pāmahana, ka pā hoki te tote ki te rere o te moana me ngā tukanga koiora i roto i te moana.
## Ngā Taunekeneke o te Moana me te Āhuarangi
He mea nui te taunekeneke i waenga i te moana me te āhuarangi hei whakatau i te āhuarangi o te ao. Ka mimiti, ka rongoa, ka tukuna hoki e te moana te wera mai i te rā, ā, he mahi nui tēnei ki te whakahaere i te pāmahana o te āhuarangi. Ka tukuna hoki e te moana te mamaoa wai, ka hanga kapua, ka puta he ua.
Ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i a El Niño me La Niña he tauira o ngā taunekeneke matatini i waenga i te moana me te āhuarangi e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi o te ao. Ko El Niño he āhuatanga e mahana ake ai te pāmahana o te mata o te moana i waenganui me te rawhiti o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa i te mea noa, ka hua ake he maha ngā huringa o te rangi puta noa i te ao, pēnei i te waipuke i ētahi wāhi me te tauraki i ētahi atu.
## Ngā Huarahi Hou i roto i te Ohanga ā-Tūroa
Kua hurihia e ngā hangarau hou te huarahi e ako ai tātou i te moana. Mā ngā amiorangi, ngā pūoko o raro i te wai, ngā waka kore tangata, me ngā tauira rorohiko matatau ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te kohikohi raraunga me te tino tika me te whānuitanga o te tirohanga.
### Amiorangi
Ka taea e ngā amiorangi e porowhita ana i te Ao te whakarato raraunga mō te pāmahana o te mata o te moana, te teitei o te taumata o te moana, me te tohatoha o te huka moana. Mā tēnei ka puta he māramatanga e kore e taea te tiki mai i ngā tirohanga kaipuke, i ngā taputapu mata rānei anake.
### Pūoko o raro i te wai
Ka kohia motuhaketia e ngā pūoko raro i te wai, pērā i ngā pūwero Argo, ngā raraunga mō te pāmahana o te moana, te tote, me ngā ia i ngā hohonutanga rerekē. Kātahi ka tukuna atu ēnei raraunga ki uta mā roto i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti amiorangi. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te aroturuki i te moana i te wā tata tonu.
### Tauira Rorohiko
Ka taea e ngā tauira rorohiko matatau te whakatauira i ngā āhuatanga o te moana me ngā taipitopito whakamiharo. Ka whakamahia e ēnei tauira ngā raraunga tirotiro hei matapae i ngā tauira tohanga, ngā taunekeneke o te moana-haurangi, me te huringa āhuarangi ā muri ake nei. He whai hua hoki ēnei tauira ki te mārama ki ngā pānga o ngā mahi a te tangata, pērā i te huringa āhuarangi me te parahanga, ki te moana.
## Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mahi a te onepūtaiao ā-tinana ki te mārama ki te mahi a ngā moana me te taunekeneke ki te āhuarangi me ētahi atu pūnaha rauropi o te ao. Nā te roa o te rangahau me ngā whanaketanga hangarau hou, kei te tere haere tonu te whanaketanga o tēnei kaupapa. Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te moana, e kore e taea e tātou te matapae i te huringa āhuarangi me ngā āhuatanga huarere kino anake, engari ka taea hoki e tātou te whakahaere pai ake i ngā rauemi moana. Hei whakamutunga, he mea nui te mātauranga i puta mai i te onepūtaiao ā-tinana ki ngā mahi a te ao ki te mārama me te tiaki i tō tātou ao.
