Te Awe o ngā Au Moana ki te Huringa Āhuarangi o te Ao i roto i ngā Akoranga Moana ā-Tino
Ehara i te mea ko ngā mahi a te tangata i runga i te whenua anake te take o te huringa āhuarangi o te ao, engari he nui hoki te awe o ngā nekehanga o te moana. I roto i te rangahau moana ā-tinana, e kiia ana ngā ia moana ko ngā "mīhini kawe" o te pūngao i runga i te Ao: e neke ana i te wera, te tote, me te papatipu wai mai i tētahi rohe ki tētahi atu. Nā te mea e pupuri ana ngā moana i te neke atu i te 90% o te wera nui i puta mai i te pikinga o ngā hau kati kōtuhi , ko te huarahi e tohatohahia ai te wera e ngā ia ka whakatau i ngā tauira huarere, te kaha o te tupuhi, te rerekētanga o te pāmahana, tae atu ki ngā huringa o te pūnaha āhuarangi ā-ao. Ko te mārama ki ngā ia moana ko te mārama ki tētahi o ngā pūtake matua o te āhuarangi o te ao.
1. Ngā au moana hei kawe wera me ngā kaiwhakahaere o te tohatoha pūngao
Ka hangaia ngā ia moana e te huinga o ngā kaha o te hau, ngā rerekētanga kiato (nā te pāmahana me te tote), te hurihanga o te Ao (te pānga Coriolis), me te āhua o ngā takotoranga moana. I runga i te tauine nui, ka hangaia e ngā ia he pūnaha tohanga e kawe ana i te wera mai i ngā rohe werawera, e whiwhi ana i te nui o te rā, ki ngā rohe teitei mātao. Mā tēnei tukanga ka pumau te āhuarangi o te ao: ki te kore ngā ia moana, ka mahana ake ngā rohe werawera, engari ka mātao ake ngā rohe porowhita.
Ko te tauira tino rongonui ko te Awa o te Moana-a-Kiwa me tōna toronga, te Ia o te Raki o te Moana-a-Kiwa, e kawe ana i te wai mahana ki te Raki o te Moana-a-Kiwa. Ka whai wāhi tēnei ia ki te āhuarangi mahana ake o Ūropi ki te whakataurite ki ētahi atu rohe i te whānui kotahi. Mai i te tirohanga moana ā-tinana , e whakaatu ana tēnei me pēhea te whakarerekētanga nui o te āhuarangi ā-rohe e te whakawhiti wera (te whakawhiti wera mā te nekehanga o ngā papatipu wai).
2. Te tohanga Thermohaline me te "whitiki kawe" o te ao
Haunga ngā ia o te mata e peia ana e te hau, kei reira anō tētahi tohanga hohonu e peia ana e te mātotoru e mōhiotia ana ko te tohanga thermohaline. Ka puta ake ngā rerekētanga mātotoru mai i te whakamatao, te mimiti, te tio o te huka moana (e whakanui ake ana i te tote o te wai e toe ana), me te urunga mai o te wai māori mai i te ua me te rewa o te huka. I te Moana Ataratiki ki te Raki, ka taea e te wai mata te mātao me te tote kia totohu hei hanga i ngā papatipu wai hohonu (hei tauira, te Wai Hōhonu o te Moana Ataratiki ki te Raki). Kātahi ka rere iho ēnei papatipu wai i roto i ngā hohonutanga o te moana ki te tuakoi tonga, ka hono atu ki ngā tukanga pupū ake i ētahi atu rohe.
E kiia ana tēnei pūnaha ko te "whitiki kawe ao," ahakoa he tino uaua ake i te ao tūturu. Engari he mārama te kaupapa matua: ko te tohanga thermohaline e hono ana i ngā moana o te ao, e kawe ana i te wera me te waro i roto i ngā tauine wā tekau ki te rau tau. Mena ka ngoikore, ka rerekē rānei tēnei tohanga, ka rerekē pea ngā tauira mahana o te ao me ngā āhuarangi ā-rohe.
3. Ngā au o te moana me ngā urupare āhuarangi
Ehara i te mea ka aro noa ngā ia o te moana ki te huringa āhuarangi engari ka taea hoki e rātou te whakakaha, te whakangāwari rānei i taua huringa. I roto i te onepū ā-tinana, ko ngā urupare nui ko:
1. Urupare hukapapa–albedo: Ka taea e ngā iahiko e kawe ana i te wera ki ngā rohe porowhita te whakatere i te rewa o te hukapapa moana. Ina heke te hukapapa, taumata moana Ka nui ake te mimiti o te hihi o te rā i ngā mea pouri, nō reira ka piki ake te wera ā-rohe, ka tere ake te rewa.
2. Urupare tohanga wai māori: te rewa me te piki haere o te hukapapa o Greenland ka tāpirihia te wai e te ua i ngā horapa teitei Ka rere te wai māori ki te Raki o te Moana Ataratiki. Ka whakaitihia te tote me te mātotoru o te wai māori, ā, ka ārai i te hanganga o te wai hohonu. Tērā pea ka ngoikore ngā tohanga nui pērā i te Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).
3. Urupare te pāmahana o te mata o te moana–hauātea: Ka taea e ngā huringa o ngā ia te whakarerekē i ngā pāmahana o te mata o te moana (SST). Ka pā te SST ki te mimiti, te hanganga o ngā kapua, ngā tauira pēhanga hau, me ngā wāhi ua. Arā, ka whakahaere ngā ia moana i te "wahie" o te hauātea.
E whakaatu ana ēnei tauira e toru ka taea e ngā huringa iti o te tohanga toto te whakaoho i ngā pānga mekameka ki te pūnaha āhuarangi.
4. ENSO: he tauira o te taunekeneke o ngā ia, ngā hau, me te āhuarangi o te ao
Ko te āhuatanga o El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) he tauira matarohia o te hononga o ngā ia me te āhuarangi. I te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa pārūrū, ko ngā hau hokohoko e pana ana i te wai mahana ki te hauauru, ko te wai matao, whai matūkai e piki ake ana ki te rawhiti. I te wā o El Niño, ka ngoikore ngā hau hokohoko, ka neke ngā ia me ngā pikinga pāmahana, ka ngoikore te pikinga o te wai, ā, ka horapa te wai mahana ki te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa waenganui-rawhiti. Ka pāngia te ao e ngā hononga waea i te āhuarangi: ngā huringa o ngā tauira ua i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia me Ahitereiria, te pikinga o te ua i ētahi wāhanga o Amerika ki te Tonga, me ngā whakararuraru i ngā tauira awha puta noa i ngā puna rerekē.
Mai i te tirohanga ā-tinana o te moana, e whakaatu ana te ENSO me pēhea te whakarerekētanga o ngā ia o te mata me ngā ngaru Kelvin/Rossby i te moana i te āhuarangi i waenga i ngā wā, tae atu ki roto i ngā tau. I roto i te horopaki o te huringa āhuarangi, he hiahia nui kei te mōhiotia mēnā ka whakarerekē te mahana o te ao i te kaha, te auau, ngā āhuatanga rānei o te ENSO, ahakoa he kaupapa rangahau tonu tēnei nā te uaua o ngā urupare moana-haurangi.
5. Te tūranga o te iahiko i roto i te rokiroki wera me te "wātea" whakamahana mata
Ka taea e te moana te mimiti i te nui o te wera, te rongoa i roto i ngā paparanga o runga, te whakawhiti rānei ki ngā hohonutanga mā te whakaranu poutū, te ruku, me te tohanga thermohaline. I ētahi wā, te āhua nei ka puhoi te mahana o te pāmahana o te hau mata i runga i te āhua o te wā roa. Ko tētahi whakamārama e tautokona ana e ngā rangahau maha ko te nui ake o te wera e "toia" ana ki roto i te moana, inā koa te mata o raro, nā ngā huringa o ngā hau me ngā ia.
Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ka pāngia te āhua o te "puta" o te mahana o te ao i te mata o te whenua e ngā ia o te moana. Kāore te mahana e ngaro, engari ka taea te horapa rerekē i roto i te pūnaha moana-hauātea, ka pāngia ngā tirohanga me ngā whanaketanga āhuarangi o te wā waenga.
6. Ngā ia o te moana, te waro, me ngā hononga ki te huringa āhuarangi
Ahakoa ko te arotahi matua o te omoana ā-tinana ko te hihiri, he mahi nui anō hoki tā ngā ia i roto i te huringa waro. Ka whakahaeretia e ngā ia o te mata te whakawhiti o te CO₂ i waenga i te moana me te āhuarangi, ko te tohanga hohonu ia ka rongoa i te waro rewa mō ngā wā roa. Ka taea e te puea ake te kawe mai i te wai nui-waro ki te mata, ka taea ai te tuku i te CO₂ ki te āhuarangi, i runga i ngā āhuatanga matū me te koiora. I tetahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā wāhi e totohu ana te "raka" i te waro i te hohonutanga.
Arā, ka taea e ngā ia hurihuri te whakarerekē i te kaha o te moana ki te mahi hei totohu waro. Mēnā ka heke tēnei kaha, ka piki ake pea te tere o te kohikohinga CO₂ i te āhuarangi, ka tere ake ai te mahana o te ao.
7. Te pānga o ngā panonitanga o ngā ia moana ki te āhuarangi tino kino me ngā rauropi
Ka taea e ngā panonitanga o ngā ia me ngā pāmahana o te mata o te moana te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o ngā ngaru wera o te moana, ka arahi pea ki te mā o te korara, te neke i ngā nohoanga ika, me te whakararuraru i te mekameka kai. Mai i te tirohanga āhuarangi, ka taea e ngā SST mahana ake te whakapakari i ngā awha pārūrū mā te whakarato i te pūngao huna mā te mimiti. Ko ngā ia e whakamahana ana i ngā rohe motuhake, e whakaroa ana rānei i te roa o te wai mahana ka taea te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te kaha haere o te awha.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka pāngia ngā tauira ua, ngā tauira kohu, me ngā pāmahana whenua e tata ana ki te takutai e ngā panonitanga o te āhuarangi. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka whakapakari te panonitanga āhuarangi i te wehewehenga o te moana, ka whakaiti i te whakaranu, ā, ka ngoikore te tuku o ngā matūkai mai i ngā hohonutanga. I te taha tinana, e hono ana anō tēnei ki ngā nekehanga o te ia me te pumau o te pou wai.
8. Ngā wero rangahau me ngā tikanga i roto i te onepū ā-tinana
Ko te aromatawai i te awe o ngā ia ki te āhuarangi o te ao me whai tirohanga me te whakatauira . Ko ngā taputapu pēnei i te Argo floats, te satellite altimetry, te drifters, te Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs ), me ngā moorings transoceanic ka whakamahia hei mahere i ngā ia me te rerekētanga o te pāmahana-tote. Ka āwhina ngā tauira tohanga moana me ngā tauira āhuarangi o te ao ki te whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga huringa, tae atu ki ngā urupare AMOC, ngā huringa o te puea ake, me ngā nekehanga o ngā tauira ia mata.
He nui ngā wero nā te mea he pōrearea te moana, he maha ngā tauine, ā, he kaha te taunekeneke ki te āhuarangi. Ka puta ake anō hoki ngā āwangawanga i te iti o ngā raraunga hītori i ngā rohe tūmatanui (hei tauira, te Moana ki te Tonga) me te uaua o ngā tukanga whakaranu tauine iti e uaua ana ki te whakaatu i roto i ngā tauira.
Whakamutunga
I roto i te omoana ā-tinana, he wāhanga matua ngā ia o te moana e whakahaere ana i te tohatoha wera, e awe ana i te huringa waro, e hanga ana hoki i ngā tauira āhuarangi ā-rohe me te ao whānui. Ka mahi tahi ngā ia o te mata e peia ana e te hau me te tohanga thermohaline hei pūnaha kawe nui, ka taea te whakau i te āhuarangi me te whakaputa hoki i ngā rerekētanga pēnei i te ENSO. Ina whakarerekē te huringa āhuarangi i te pāmahana, te tote, ngā hau, me te whakaurunga mai o te wai māori, ka taea e ngā ia o te moana te whakarerekē i runga i tēnā—ā, ka taea e aua huringa te hoki anō, te whakakaha, te whakarerekē rānei i te huarahi o te huringa āhuarangi.
Nō reira, ehara te mārama ki ngā ia o te moana i te mea he mea pūtaiao moana anake, engari he tūāpapa nui mō te matapae i te huringa āhuarangi, te hoahoa i ngā rautaki urutau takutai moana , me te pupuri i te pakari o ngā pūnaha rauropi me ngā rauemi moana. Ko ngā tirohanga roa me te tauira matatau haere tonu he mea nui ki te mārama ki te "pāhekoheko" o te moana e whakahaere ana i te āhuarangi o Papatūānuku.
