Te Awe o te Āhuatanga Dipole o te Moana Iniana ki te Āhua o te Moana Initonīhia
E mōhiotia ana a Initonīhia ko te whenua moutere nui rawa atu o te ao, he nui, he uaua hoki ōna rohe moana. Ehara i te mea ko ngā āhuatanga ā-rohe anake pērā i ngā hauāwhio, ngā ia moana, me ngā āhuatanga whenua o te moutere te mea e pāngia ana e ngā āhuatanga o te moana o Initonīhia, engari ko ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi o te ao me te rohe hoki. Ko tētahi āhuatanga nui e whai wāhi nui ana ko te Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). He maha ngā wā ka warewarehia tēnei āhuatanga e te marea ki te whakataurite ki a El Niño–La Niña, ahakoa he tino nui tōna pānga ki ngā wai o Initonīhia—ina koa i ngā rohe o te hauauru me te tonga.
He aha te Dipole o te Moana Inia?
Ko te Dipole o te Moana Iniana he āhuatanga o ngā rerekētanga o te pāmahana o te mata o te moana (SST) i te Moana Iniana e puta ana i te āhua o te "dipole," arā, te rerekētanga o ngā rerekētanga pāmahana i waenga i ngā rohe matua e rua: te Moana Iniana ki te hauauru (e tata ana ki Āwherika ki te Rawhiti) me te Moana Iniana ki te rawhiti (e tata ana ki Initonīhia, inā koa ko Sumatra me Java). E rua ngā wāhanga matua o te IOD:
1. IOD Pai: He mahana ake te mata o te moana i te taha hauauru o te Moana Iniana i te mea noa, he mātao ake te taha rawhiti (e tata ana ki Initonīhia) i te mea noa.
2. IOD kino: Ko te āhua rerekē, he mahana ake te taha rawhiti i te mea noa, ā, he makariri ake te taha uru.
Ka pā tēnei rerekētanga mahana ki ngā tauira hau, te hanganga kapua, me te tohatoha ua. Ahakoa ka tīmata i ngā rerekētanga o ngā pāmahana moana, ka horapa ngā pānga o te IOD ki te āhuarangi, ā, ka pā ki ngā āhuatanga moana i ngā rohe moana o Initonīhia.
Te tikanga IOD me tōna whanaungatanga ki ngā wai o Initonīhia
Ina puta te IOD, ka rerekē te hau me ngā pūnaha ia o te Moana Iniana. I te wā o te IOD pai, ka kaha ake ngā hau mai i te rawhiti ki te hauauru i te taha o te ekueta o te Moana Iniana. Ka panaia e ēnei hau ngā puranga wai mahana mai i ngā wai o Initonīhia ki te hauauru. I te taha rawhiti (e tata ana ki Initonīhia), ka tangohia te wai mata mahana ka whakakapia ki te wai matao mai i te mata o raro mā te pupū ake.
I tetahi atu taha, i te wā o te IOD kino, ka ngoikore, ka huri rānei te ahunga o ngā hau, ka "pūpū" te wai mahana i te Moana Iniana ki te rawhiti. Nā reira, ka mahana ake ngā wai e tata ana ki Initonīhia, ka pai ake te hanganga o ngā kapua ua.
Te awe o te IOD ki ngā pāmahana o te mata o te moana i Indonesia
Ko tētahi o ngā pānga tino tika o te IOD ki ngā āhuatanga o te moana o Initonīhia ko ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana o te mata o te moana, inā koa i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:
– Ngā wai o Sumatra ki te Hauāuru
– Te Moana-a-Sunda
– Wai tonga o Java ki Nusa Tenggara
– Te Moana Iniana ki te tonga o Initonīhia
I te wā e pai ana te IOD, ka heke te pāmahana o te mata o te moana i ēnei rohe. Ka kitea mārama tēnei hekenga i roto i ngā tirohanga a te amiorangi, inā koa i te wā e tino piki haere ana te IOD, e puta pinepine ana i waenga i a Hūrae me Noema. Ehara i te mea ko te pāmahana anake te take o te whakamatao o te mata o te moana; ka pā hoki ki ngā tukanga koiora me ngā matū i roto i ngā wai, tae atu ki te tohatoha o te plankton, te hua o ngā mahi hī ika, me te whakamarie o ngā nohoanga o ngā rauropi moana.
I roto i te IOD kino, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te mata o te moana. Ka taea e tēnei mahana te whakaoho i ngā huringa rauropi, te whakanui ake i te ahotea wera i runga i ngā toka korara, ā, i ētahi āhuatanga ka whai wāhi ki te mā o te korara mēnā ka roa, ka honoa ki te mahana o te ao.
Te pānga o te IOD ki ngā ia o te moana me te puea ake
E mōhiotia ana ka pāngia ngā wai o te tonga o Java me Nusa Tenggara e te pupūtanga nui o te wai i ngā wā o te tau, inā koa i te wā o te hau marangai (tata ki Hune ki Hepetema). Ka taea e te IOD te whakapakari, te whakaiti rānei i tēnei tukanga.
– Mā te IOD pai ka kaha ake te pupū ake o te wai i te tonga o Java–Bali–Nusa Tenggara nā te mea ka panaia te wai mata mai i te takutai e ngā hau kaha ake. Nō reira, ka piki ake te wai matao, whai matūkai ki te mata.
– Ka ngoikore te pupū ake o te wai i te IOD kino, nā te mea ka pumau ake te paparanga wai nā te kohikohinga o te wai mahana i te rawhiti (ka ātete te paparanga mahana i runga ake i te ranunga), ā, ka uaua ake te piki ake o ngā matūkai ki te mata.
He mea tino nui ngā panonitanga o te puea ake o te moana nā te mea e pā tika ana ki te momonatanga o ngā wai me te wāteatanga o te kai mā te mekameka kai o te moana.
Pānga ki te hua o ngā mahi hī ika
Ina kaha ake te puea ake o te moana (i ngā wā IOD pai), ka kawea mai ngā matūkai pēnei i te nitrate me te phosphate mai i ngā paparanga hohonu ki te mata. Ka tere ake te tipu o ngā phytoplankton i ēnei matūkai, ā, ka nui ake te nui o ngā zooplankton me ngā ika ririki. Ka pā pea tēnei ki ngā mahi hī ika hopu.
I ētahi wai kei te tonga o Java me Nusa Tenggara, tera pea he hononga o te IOD pai ki te pikinga o te hua o ētahi mahi hī ika moana nā te nui ake o te kai e wātea ana. Heoi, kāore i te ōrite tonu te pānga. Ka taea hoki e ngā āhuatanga makariri o te moana me ngā hau kaha te whakanui ake i ngā ngaru me te mōrearea o te haere ki te moana, ka pā kino pea ki ngā kaihao ika iti ahakoa te pikinga o te kaha hī ika.
I taua wā anō, ko te IOD kino, e whakamahana ana i ngā wai, e whakaiti ana hoki i te pikinga o te wai, ka taea te whakaiti i te hua tuatahi. I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka heke pea ngā ika ki te rapu i ngā wai e tika ana, ka whakarerekē i ngā tauira hī ika, ka pā ki ngā whiwhinga moni a ngā kaihao ika.
Te pānga o te IOD ki ngā ngaru me te rangi moana
Haunga te awe i ngā pāmahana me ngā ia o te moana, ka pā anō hoki te IOD ki ngā hau me te hanganga o ngā pūnaha huarere i runga i ngā wai o Initonīhia. I te wā o te IOD pai, ka maroke ake te taha hauauru me te tonga o Initonīhia, ā, ka iti ake te hanganga o ngā kapua ua. Ka kaha ake te kaha o ngā hau o te rawhiti, ka piki ake pea te teitei o ngā ngaru i ngā wai tuwhera o te tonga o te Moana Iniana.
He pānga nui tēnei ki ngā mahi kaipuke, te haumaru o ngā kaihao ika, me ngā mahi tauranga. Ka piki ake pea ngā ngaru teitei i te tonga o Java, Bali, me East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) i ētahi wā, ā, me aroturuki me te whakatūpato wawe mai i ngā tari e tika ana.
I te wā e heke ana te IOD, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te hanganga kapua me te ua i roto i ngā wai huri noa i te taha hauauru o Initonīhia. Ka taea e tēnei āhuatanga te whakanui ake i te putanga mai o ngā huarere kino, tae atu ki te ua nui, ngā awha ā-rohe, me te iti o te tirohanga ki te moana, ka tū hei mōrearea hoki ki te kawe waka moana.
Te taunekeneke IOD me El Niño me La Niña
He maha ngā wā ka puta te IOD i te taha o te ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ka taunekeneke rānei ki a ia. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā mea e rua ka kaha ake, ka ngoikore rānei te pānga ki a Initonīhia.
– Ka whakanuia ake e te El Niño pai me te IOD te tauraki i Indonesia, ā, ka piki ake te kaha o te whakamatao i te Moana Iniana ki te rawhiti e tata ana ki Indonesia. Ka pāngia pea ngā pānga i roto i te roa o ngā wā maroke, te mōrearea o ngā ahi ngahere, me ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga o te moana.
– Ka nui ake te ua i te wā e pāngia ana te taha hauauru o Initonīhia e te La Niña + IOD kino, ā, ka mahana ake ngā wai i te taha hauauru o Initonīhia, ka nui ake te mōrearea o te waipuke i ētahi wāhi, ā, ka pā ki te kounga o te wai nā te rerenga o te whenua.
Nō reira, kāore e taea te wehewehe i te māramatanga ki te IOD mai i te aroturukitanga i ētahi atu āhuatanga āhuarangi.
Ngā pānga ki te whakahaere moana o Initonīhia
Ko te pānga o te IOD ki ngā āhuatanga o te moana o Initonīhia e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o ngā pūnaha aroturuki moana me te āhuarangi pakari. Ka taea e ngā raraunga amiorangi, ngā pōito moana, me ngā tauira matapae āhuarangi te āwhina i te mahere i ngā mōrearea me ngā whai wāhitanga, pēnei i:
– He whai hua ake te whakatau i ngā wā me ngā rohe hī ika
– He whakatūpato wawe mō ngā ngaru teitei me te huarere kino mō te haumaru o ngā kaipuke
– Te tiaki i ngā pūnaha rauropi tairongo pērā i ngā toka korara me ngā moenga tarutaru moana
– Matapae i ngā panonitanga o te hua o te moana ka pā ki ngā ōhanga takutai moana
I te piki haere o te rerekētanga o te āhuarangi nā te mahana o te ao, ka nui haere pea, ka kaha ake rānei ngā huihuinga IOD tino kino, ā, he mea nui rawa te urutau pūtaiao.
Whakamutunga
Ko te Indian Ocean Dipole he āhuatanga āhuarangi moana-hauātea e pā nui ana ki ngā āhuatanga moana i Indonesia, inā koa i ngā rohe hauauru me te tonga e tata ana ki te Moana Iniana. Mā ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana o te mata o te moana, ngā tauira hau, ngā ia, me te kaha o te puea ake, ka taea e te IOD te awe i te hua o ngā mahi hī ika, ngā ngaru, me te rangi moana. Ka taea e ōna pānga te whai hua i roto i te ahua o te pikinga o ngā matūkai me ngā hopunga i roto i ētahi wā, engari ka taea hoki e ia te whakararu i ngā tūponotanga pēnei i ngā ngaru teitei, ngā panonitanga o te rauropi, me te koretake mō ngā hapori takutai.
Nō reira, ko te mārama ki te IOD me tōna whakaurunga ki roto i ngā kaupapa here moana, hī ika, me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino he taahiraa nui ki te pupuri i te pakari o Indonesia ki te moana i waenganui i ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi e huri haere tonu ana.
