Ngā Tikanga mō te Hanga Mahere Papa Moana
Pendahuluan
Ko te mapi papa moana, arā, ko te ine kaukau, he whakaaturanga tirohanga o te āhua o te papa moana, tae atu ki te hohonu me te āhua o te mata o te papa moana. He mea nui te ine kaukau mō te whakatere moana, te rangahau pūtaiao, te whakahaere rauemi taiao, me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino. Ko te tukanga hanga mapi papa moana he mahi hangarau uaua, ā, he maha ngā tikanga me ngā hangarau e hiahiatia ana. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana hei hanga mapi papa moana.
Ngā Tikanga mō te Hanga Mahere Papa Moana
1. Ine me te Echosounder
Ko te taputapu echosounder te taputapu e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te ine i te hohonutanga o te moana. Ko te kaupapa matua o te echosounder he tuku ngaru oro ki te papa moana, me te ine i te wā e pau ana kia hoki mai ngā ngaru oro i muri i te pekepeketanga mai i te papa moana. E rua ngā momo matua o ngā echosounder: ko ngā echosounder hihi-kotahi me ngā echosounder hihi-maha.
– Pūorooro Hiko-kotahi: Ka tukuna tika atu e tēnei taputapu he hihi oro kotahi ki raro, ā, ka tuhia te hohonutanga ki tētahi pūwāhi ine tika. Ko ngā pūorooro hihi-kotahi te tikanga e whakamahia ana mō ngā rangahau kaukau māmā me te mahere hohonutanga o tētahi wāhi motuhake.
– Pūorooro Hiko Maha-Hira: Ka tukuna e tēnei taputapu ngā hihi oro maha i te wā kotahi, ka kapi i tētahi rohe whānui ake, ka taea ai te ine hohonu ake me te taumira teitei ake. He tino whai hua ngā pūorooro hihi-maha mō ngā rangahau taipitopito ake, me te whiwhi pikitia whānui ake o te āhua o te papa moana.
2. Te Whakamahinga o te Hangarau LIDAR (Te Kitenga me te Whānuitanga o te Mārama)
He hangarau pūoko mamao a LIDAR e whakamahi ana i ngā hihi laser hei ine i te tawhiti i waenga i te tuku me te ūnga. I te hanga mahere papa moana, ka whakamahia te LIDAR kaukau hei ine i te hohonutanga o te wai mā te tuku i ngā pāoro laser mai i te waka rererangi ki te papa moana. Kātahi ka whakaatahia ēnei pāoro laser ki te kaiwhiwhi i runga i te waka rererangi.
– Ngā Painga o LIDAR: Ka taea e LIDAR te kapi tere i ngā wāhi whānui, ā, ka taea hoki te whakarato raraunga taumira teitei tae atu ki ētahi mita te hohonu. He tino whai hua tēnei mō ngā rangahau i ngā wai pāpaku me ngā takutai moana.
– Ngā Here o te LIDAR: Ka heke tōna whai huatanga i ngā wai hohonu atu i te 50 mita, i ngā wai rānei kāore e kitea nuitia ana nā te mimiti me te marara o te mārama e te wai.
3. Te Whakaahua o raro i te Wai
Ko te ine whakaahua raro i te wai he tikanga mahere e whakamahi ana i te whakaahua raro i te wai hei tiki raraunga tūnga toru-ahu. He mea whakamahi noa tēnei hangarau i roto i ngā rangahau whaipara tangata raro i te wai, ngā tirotiro hanganga raro i te wai, me te mahere nohonga moana.
– Tikanga Whakairoiro: Te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua e rua, neke atu rānei, i tangohia mai i ngā koki rerekē hei hanga i tētahi tauira ahu-toru o te papa moana.
– Tukanga Whakatikatika i te Ira: Ka whakatika i ngā hapa āhuahanga o te ahua hei whakaputa i te whakaaturanga tika o ngā mea o te papa moana.
4. Te Hiko Whenua i raro i te Wai
Ko te tikanga hiko whenua raro i te wai ko te whakamahi i te iahiko ki te whenua, me te ine i te ātete o te papa. Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga hei tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga whenua i raro i te papa moana.
– Ngā Painga: Ka taea te tautuhi i ngā paparanga o raro i te moana me te kite i ngā hanganga whenua pēnei i ngā paparanga paru, ngā hapa, me ngā rauemi kohuke.
– Te Whakakotahitanga me Ētahi Atu Tikanga: He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te hiko whenua me te taputapu echosounder, te taputapu ru whenua rānei hei whakarato i tētahi pikitia whānui ake o te hanganga o raro o te moana.
5. Te Aromatawai Rūwhenua
Ka whakahaerehia ngā rangahau rū whenua mā te whakamahi i ngā ngaru oro kaha (ko te tikanga mai i ngā pahūtanga, i ngā taputapu rānei e rere ana i te rangi) hei tūhura i te hanganga o raro whenua o te papa moana.
– Whakaahua Hanganga Matawhenua: Ka peke atu ngā ngaru oro i ngā paparanga o raro i te wai, ā, ka riro mai i ngā huinga o ngā kaiwhiwhi e mōhiotia ana ko ngā hydrophone, e āhei ai ngā tohunga matawhenua ki te whakaahua i te hanganga o te papa o raro i te moana.
– Ngā Whakamahinga: E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga hinu me te hau mō te tūhura i ngā rahui warowaihā i raro i te wai.
6. Te Tukatuka me te Tātari Raraunga
I muri i te kohikohi raraunga mai i ngā tikanga rerekē, ko te mahi whai muri ko te tukatuka me te tātari raraunga hei whakaputa i tētahi mapi takere moana e tika ana, e whai kōrero ana hoki.
– Te Tukatuka Raraunga: Kei roto ko te tātari haruru, te whakatika hapa taputapu, te whakakotahi raraunga mai i ngā pūtake rerekē, me te whakawhanui hei whakaputa i tētahi whatunga raraunga hōhonu.
– Whakaaturanga: Te whakamahi i te pūmanawa Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua (GIS) hei whakaatu i ngā raraunga i roto i te āhua o ngā mapi kaukau, ngā tauira matihiko o te teitei o te papa moana, me ngā whakaaturanga toru-ahu.
Te Whakamahinga o ngā Mahere Bathymetric
He maha ngā whakamahinga nui o ngā mahere moana:
– Te Whakatere Moana: Āwhina i ngā kāpene kaipuke ki te whakamahere i ngā huarahi haumaru me te karo i ngā tūponotanga o raro i te wai.
– Rangahau Pūtaiao: E whakamahia ana e ngā tohunga moana hei ako i te āhua o te papa moana, ngā ia o te moana, me ngā pūnaha rauropi moana.
– Whakahaere Rauemi: Tautoko i te tūhuratanga me te whakahaere i ngā ika, ngā kohuke o raro i te wai, me ngā rauemi pūngao pērā i te hinu me te hau māori.
– Te Whakaiti i ngā Āhuatanga Ārai: Āwhina ki te tautuhi i ngā rohe mōrearea tsunami, ngā horo whenua i raro i te wai, me ētahi atu tukanga whenua ka taea te whakararu i ngā āhuatanga ā-raru.
Whakamutunga
He tukanga uaua, he tukanga nui hoki te hanga i tētahi mapi papa moana, e uru ana ki ngā tikanga me ngā hangarau maha. Mai i ngā taputapu whakaata me te hangarau LIDAR, te whakaahua raro wai, ngā rangahau whenua, tae atu ki ngā rangahau whenua, he painga me ngā whakamahinga motuhake tō ia tikanga, i runga i ngā hiahia o te rangahau. I tēnei wā hou, kei te haere tonu te hangarau ki te ahu whakamua, e whakarato ana i te taumira raraunga teitei ake, ā, e āhei ai te piki haere o ngā taipitopito me ngā mapi papa moana tika. Ko ngā mapi kaukau ka puta mai, ehara i te mea ko te tautoko anake i ngā mahi a te tangata i te moana, engari ko te whakarei ake hoki i tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao e huna ana i raro i te mata.
