# Ngā Take e Whakararuraru Ana i te Mahanatanga o te Ao i te Moana
Ko te mahana o te ao te āhuatanga o te pikinga o te pāmahana toharite o te āhuarangi o te Ao, o ngā moana, me ngā whenua. I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua noho tēnei take hei āwangawanga nui mā ngā kaipūtaiao, ngā kaitiaki taiao, me ngā kaihanga kaupapa here o te ao. Ko ngā moana, e kapi ana i te 70% o te mata o te Ao, he wāhi nui tā rātou ki ngā whanaketanga āhuarangi o te ao. Ko te mahana o te moana, te pikinga rānei o te pāmahana o te wai moana, tētahi o ngā tohu matua o te mahana o te ao. Ka arotakehia e tēnei tuhinga ngā take matua e hua ai te mahana o te ao i roto i ngā moana.
## 1. Ngā Tukunga Hau Kākāriki
### a. Hauhā waro (CO₂)
He hau kati kōtuhi te waro hauhā e puta mai ana i te tahunga o ngā wahie pūmua pērā i te waro, te hinu, me te hau māori. Ka taea e te CO₂ te mimiti me te tuku anō i ngā hihi whero-whero, ka puta he pānga kati kōtuhi e whakamahana ana i te āhuarangi o te Ao. E 30% o te CO₂ o te āhuarangi ka mimitihia e ngā moana, engari i te piki haere tonu o ngā taumata CO₂, ka heke hoki te kaha o ngā moana ki te mimiti i tēnei hau, ka hua ake te mahana o ngā moana.
### b. Methane (CH₄)
He hau kati kōtuhi te methane, he kaha ake tōna kaha ki te whakamahana i te ao i te CO₂. Ka puta te methane i ngā mahi a te tangata pēnei i te ahuwhenua (ina koa ko ngā kararehe), te whakakorenga para o te tāone, me te tūhuratanga hinu me te hau. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te tuku i te methane kua mau i roto i te hukapapa moana (methane clathrates) ki te āhuarangi nā te mahana o te moana, ka nui ake te pānga o te mahana.
### c. Te Ozone (O₃) me Ētahi Atu Hau
He hau kati kōtuhi te ozone i te troposphere e whai wāhi ana ki te whakamahana i te āhuarangi me ngā moana. Ka whai wāhi atu hoki ētahi atu hau, pērā i te hauota hauota (N₂O), ki te whakamahana o te ao. Ka whakanuia e ēnei hau katoa te pānga kati kōtuhi, koinei te take o te whakamahana o te moana.
## 2. Te Huringa Taiao me ngā Mahi a te Tangata
### a. Te Whakangaromanga i ngā Ngāherehere me te Hurihanga Whenua
He mea nui te mahi a ngā ngahere ki te mimiti i te CO₂ mai i te āhuarangi. Mā te whakahoro i ngā ngahere, inā koa i ngā ngahere pārūrū, ka whakaitihia te maha o ngā rākau e kaha ana ki te mimiti i te CO₂. Ka hua ake tēnei i te pikinga o ngā hau kati kōtuhi i te āhuarangi, ā, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te moana.
### b. Te Noho Tāone me te Ahumahi
Nā te noho tāone nui ka piki ake ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi mai i ngā tāone nui. Ko te whānui haere o ngā ahumahi, inā koa ko ērā e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tahunga wahie pūmua, ka whai wāhi nui hoki ki te pikinga o ngā tukunga CO₂ me te methane. Ka pāngia hoki te kounga o te wai me ngā pūnaha rauropi moana e ngā para ahumahi e mutu ana ki te moana, ka nui ake ngā pānga o te mahana o te ao.
### c. Te hī ika nui rawa
Ehara i te mea ka pau noa ngā ika i te nui o te hī ika, engari ka pāngia hoki te pūnaha rauropi moana katoa. Ka taea e te pūnaha rauropi kore taurite te whakaiti i te kaha o te moana ki te mimiti i te CO₂ me te ārai i ngā pānga o te mahana haere.
## 3. Ngā Āhuatanga Taiao
### a. El Niño me La Niña
Ko El Niño te whakamahana o te mata o te moana i waenganui me te rawhiti o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Ka whai wāhi tēnei āhuatanga ki te pikinga o te pāmahana o te ao, tae atu ki ngā pāmahana o te moana. I tetahi atu taha, ko La Niña te whakamatao o te mata o te moana ka pā ki ngā tauira āhuarangi o te ao, ahakoa kei te taha kē.
### b. Te Rerekētanga o te Āhuarangi
Ka pāngia te mahana o te moana e ngā panonitanga taiao o te pūnaha āhuarangi o te Ao, tae atu ki te rerekētanga o te pāmahana o te moana. Tērā pea ka kitea tēnei āhuatanga i ngā tauine wā mai i ngā tau ki ngā tekau tau.
## 4. Te Parahanga Moana
### a. Para Kirihou me te Para Kirihou Moroiti
Ka poke ngā moana i ngā para kirihou, ka whakararuraru i ngā rauropi moana. Ka taea e ngā kirihou moroiti te mimiti i te nui ake o te rā i te mata o te moana, ka piki ake pea te pāmahana o te moana ā-rohe, ka pā kino hoki ki ngā tipu me ngā kararehe.
### b. Te maringi hinu
Ka pāngia pea te pāmahana o te moana e ngā turuturu hinu mai i ngā aituā o ngā kaipuke tāke, e te keri hinu rānei i tai moana, mō te wā poto me te wā roa. Ka taea e te hinu e kapi ana i te mata o te wai te mimiti i te wera nui atu i te rā, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te wai o te rohe, ka pā ki ngā rauropi moana.
## 5. Te Whakaiti i te Papa Ozone
Ka tiakina e te paparanga ozone te Ao mai i ngā hihi ultraviolet (UV) kino. Mā te ngoikore o te ozone ka nui ake ngā hihi UV e tae atu ki te mata o te Ao me ngā moana, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te moana. Ka taea e ētahi matū i hangaia e te tangata, pērā i ngā chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), te kino i te paparanga ozone, ahakoa kua tino whakaitihia te whakamahinga nā roto i ngā tikanga o te ao.
## 6. Te Whakawaikawa o te Moana
I te mea ka nui ake te CO₂ e mimitihia ana e te moana, ka nui ake te waikawa o te wai moana. Ka pāngia te whānuitanga o ngā rauropi moana e te waikawa o te moana, inā koa ko ērā he angaanga, he angaanga rānei i hangaia ki te konupūmā waro. Ka pā anō hoki tēnei tukanga ki te mekameka kai moana me te huringa waro, ka pā anō hoki ki te kaha o te moana ki te mimiti i te CO₂. Ka whai wāhi ā-korekore ēnei huringa ki te mahana haere o te moana.
## 7. Ngā Huringa o ngā Tauira o te Au Moana
He mea nui te mahi a ngā tauira o te au moana pērā i te Gulf Stream me te Thermohaline Circulation ki te tohatoha i te wera puta noa i te ao. Ka taea e ngā panonitanga o ngā tauira o te au moana, nā te mahana o te ao, te whakarerekē i tēnei tohatoha wera. Ko tētahi o ngā pānga tino kitea ko te rewa o ngā hukapapa porotaka, e tuku ana i te wai māori ki ngā moana, e pā ana ki te kiato me te rere o ngā au moana.
## Te Katinga
Ko te mahana o te ao i roto i te moana e hua mai ana i ngā āhuatanga maha e pā ana ki a rātou, arā, ko te taiao me te tangata. Ko ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi pērā i te CO₂ me te methane, te huringa whakamahinga whenua, te noho tāone, te parahanga, ngā āhuatanga taiao, me te parahanga hau, he mea nui ēnei ki tēnei raruraru. He mea nui te mārama ake ki ngā take me ngā pānga o te mahana o te moana hei whakatakoto rautaki whakaiti me te urutau hei tiaki i ngā pūnaha rauropi moana me te hunga e whakawhirinaki ana ki a rātou.
He mea nui ngā mahi tahi a ngā rōpū katoa ki te aro atu ki te whakamahana o te ao, me te whakarite kia mau tonu te oranga o Papatūānuku mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai. Ko te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi, te tiaki i ngā rauropi moana, me te whakatinana i ngā tikanga atawhai taiao ētahi o ngā mahi nui hei āwhina i te pumau o te pāmahana o te moana me te whakaiti i ngā pānga kino o te whakamahana o te ao.
