Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Pomology
Ko te pomology he peka o te māra e ako ana i ngā hua, mai i te takenga mai me te whakarōpūtanga ki ngā tikanga whakatipu, tae atu ki te whakahaere me te whakamahinga i muri i te kotinga. Ko te kupu "pomology" i ahu mai i te kupu Latina "pomum," ko te tikanga he hua. I roto i te mahi, ehara i te mea ko te whakatipu hua anake te kaupapa o te pomology kia nui ai ngā hua , engari me pēhea hoki te whakaputa hua kounga pai, haumaru mō te kai, whai uara ōhanga, ā, e rite ana ki te hiahia o te mākete. He mea nui tēnei pūtaiao nā te mea he puna huaora, kohuke, muka, me ngā matū koiora te hua, me te taonga nui hoki i roto i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua me te hokohoko.
Te Whānuitanga o te Pomology
Ko te whānuitanga o te pomology e kapi ana i ngā āhuatanga maha e hono tahi ana. Tuatahi, ko te botani me te taxonomy, arā, ko te tautuhi i ngā momo hua i runga i ngā āhuatanga morphological, anatomical, me te whanaungatanga. Ko te mahi a muri ake ko te physiology o ngā tipu hua , e ako ana i ngā tukanga tipu, te pua, te hua, me te maoa. Kei roto hoki i te pomology ngā ira me te whakatipu tipu, inā koa kia whiwhi i ngā momo pai ake e hua ana, e ātete ana ki ngā pepeke me ngā mate, ā, he kounga hua e pai ana ki ngā kaihoko. Hei tāpiri, kei reira ngā wāhanga o te whakatipu (agronomy), te tiaki tipu, te hangarau muri-hauhake, tae atu ki te whakahaere me te hokohoko i ngā māra.
I runga i tēnei whānuitanga, ka taea te mārama ki te pūtaiao pomology hei pūtaiao e hono ana i ngā hiahia koiora o ngā tipu, ngā āhuatanga taiao, ngā pūkenga ahuwhenua, me ngā hiahia ahumahi, kaihoko rānei.
Te Whakarōpūtanga me ngā Momo Hua
Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa matua o te pomology ko te mārama ki ngā momo hua me ō rātou āhuatanga. I roto i te pūtaiao pūtaiao, ko te hua te whanaketanga o te ovary (ovule) i muri i te whakatōnga. Heoi, i roto i te horopaki ahuwhenua, he whānui ake te whakamāramatanga o te hua, e kapi ana i ngā wāhanga tipu e kainga ana hei hua ahakoa ehara i te hua tūturu (hei tauira, ngā rōpere, ko te wāhanga e taea te kai ko te ipu).
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā hua ki ētahi momo, pērā i:
1. Ngā hua kikokiko, hei tauira te māngo, te panana, te papaya, te aporo me te karepe.
2. Ngā hua maroke, pērā i ētahi nati, i ētahi hua rānei he taonga purapura.
3. Ngā hua haurua-māotaota me ngā hua kore-haurua-māotaota. Ka taea e ngā hua haurua-māotaota—pērā i te panana, te māngo, me te āporo—te pakari tonu i muri i te hauhake nā te pikinga o te manawa me te hanga ethylene. Ko ngā hua kore-haurua-māotaota—pērā i te karaka, te paināporo, me te karepe—kāore i te tino pakari i muri i te hauhake, nō reira ko te wā hauhake he mea nui hei whakatau i te kounga.
He mea nui te mārama ki tēnei momo hua hei whakatau i ngā tikanga whakatipu , ngā wā hauhake me ngā rautaki rokiroki.
Wāhanga Tipu me te Whakaputa o ngā Tipu Hua
He huringa ora tō ngā tipu hua ka taea te wehewehe ki te wāhanga tipu (te tipu rau, te kakau, me te pakiaka) me te wāhanga whakaputa uri (te puāwaitanga me te hua). I roto i ngā tipu ā-tau pēnei i te māngo, te durian, te citrus rānei, he mea nui te taurite i waenga i te tipu tipu me te tipu whakaputa uri mō te hua roa.
Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te whakawhiti mai i te tipu ki te whakatipu ko:
– Ira/momo: ka tere ake te hua o ētahi momo.
– Taiao: te pāmahana, te ua, te roa o te rā, me te wātea o te wai.
– Te kai totika: inā koa te taurite o te hauota, te whākōkī, te pāhare pāporo, me ngā matūkai moroiti.
– Ngā maimoatanga whakatipu: te tapahi, te whakahaere i te ahotea wai, te whakamahi rānei i ngā mea whakatipu tipu i raro i ētahi tikanga.
I roto i te pūtaiao tipu, he mea nui anō te ariā o te "pūtake-totonga": ko ngā rau te pūtake o ngā whakaahua (pūtake) ā, ko ngā hua te pūtake mō te whakaahua (totonga). Ina iti ngā pūtake, ina nui rawa rānei ngā totonga, ka heke te rahi me te kounga o ngā hua. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te whakaitiiti i ngā hua i roto i ētahi hua (āporo, māngo) hei whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā hua me te pupuri i te hua pumau.
Te Whakatipu i ngā Tipu Hua
He maha ngā tipu hua e whakatipuria ana mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tipu hei pupuri i ngā āhuatanga pumau, pai hoki. E rua ngā tikanga whakatipu:
1. Whakaputa uri (kākano): e whakamahia ana mō te whakaputa pakiaka, te whakatipu uri, ngā tipu motuhake rānei. Ko te ngoikoretanga he rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ngā uri, ā, he roa ake te wā taitamariki (te wā i mua i te hua).
2. Huawhenua: kei roto ko te tāpiri, te tapahi, te pihi, te pihi, me te ahurea kiko. Ko te painga ko te āhua o... he rite tonu te tipu ki tōna matua, ā, ka tere ake te hua.
Mā ngā tikanga huawhenua ka taea te whakamahi i ngā huinga o te pūtake me te wana hei whakapai ake i te urutau ki ngā oneone motuhake, te ātete ki ngā mate, me te whakahaere i te rahi o ngā rākau (hei tauira, i roto i ngā aporo me ngā citrus).
Ngā Āhuatanga Taiao me te Whakatipu Māra
He nui te pānga o te pai o te āhuarangi me te whakahaere i te māra ki te angitu o te whakatipu hua. Ko ētahi o ngā mea matua ko:
– Oneone: te kakano, te pH, te nui o ngā mea rauropi, te rerenga wai, me te momonatanga. Ko te nuinga o ngā tipu hua kāore e pai ki te wai tū, ahakoa he rerekētanga anō.
– Wai: He rerekē ngā hiahia wai. He mea nui te whakamakuku auau mō te tipu o ngā hua, engari mā te whakahaere i te ahotea wai ka taea te whakaoho i te pua o ētahi hua.
– Mārama: ka pā te kaha o te mārama ki te whakapūmau i te rauropi, te tae o ngā hua, me te hanganga huka.
– Te pāmahana me te teitei: ka pā ki te kounga o te pua me te hua, hei tauira, me mātao te pāmahana o ngā āporo, engari he pai ngā māngo mō ngā rohe pārūrū.
Ko ngā mahi ahuwhenua matua ko te whakamomona taurite, te whakahaere taru, te tapahi (hei hanga i te āhua o te tihi, hei whakapai ake i te rere o te hau me te urunga o te mārama), me te whakahaere i ngā pua me ngā hua.
Ngā Pepeke, Ngā Mate, me te Whakahaere Whakauru
He ngāwari ngā tipu hua ki ngā momo pepeke maha, pērā i ngā namu hua, ngā aphid, ngā anuhe, me ngā mate e puta mai ana i te harore, te huakita, me ngā huaketo. Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te hua ka whakaitihia hoki te kounga me te roa o te oranga o ngā tipu hua.
I roto i te pūtaiao pepeke hou, ko te huarahi e taunakitia ana ko te Whakahaere Pest Whakauru (IPM), e whakakotahi ana i:
– te aroturukitanga auau,
– te whakamahi i ngā hoariri tūturu,
– te horoi i te māra,
– ngā momo ātete,
– ngā tikanga whakatipu tika,
– me ngā patupatu hei huarahi whakamutunga me te whakaaro nui ki te horopeta me te wā e whakamahia ana.
He mea nui tēnei huarahi hei pupuri i te oranga tonutanga o te taiao me te haumarutanga kai.
Te Kotinga me te Muri i te Kotinga: Te Pupuri i te Kounga o ngā Hua
Ko ngā wāhanga hauhake me ngā wāhanga whai muri i te hauhake te mea nui hei whakatau i te uara mākete o te hua. Ki te kore e tika te wā hauhake, ka hua ake he hua kāore i te tino reka, he kawa rawa, he koretake te kakano, he pirau wawe rānei. Ka taea te whakatau i te pakari i runga i te tae kiri, te rahi, te pakeke, te nui o te huka (°Brix), te pakari o te kikokiko, me te kakara.
I muri i te hauhaketanga, ka ora tonu te hua, ka manawa hoki. Nō reira, ko te whakahaere i muri i te hauhaketanga e aro ana ki:
– te whakaiti i ngā kino ā-tinana (ngā marō, ngā patunga),
– te whakaiti i te ngaronga wai (te whakahekenga taumaha),
– te whakaroa i te manawa me te pakari i roto i ngā pāmahana iti,
– te whakahaere i ngā mate huakita e puta ai te pirau,
– me te takai me te kawe tika.
Kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā mekameka makariri, ngā āhuarangi kua whakarerekētia, me ngā paninga kai hei whakaroa ake i te oranga o ngā taonga.
Te Pūtaiao i roto i te Whakawhanaketanga me te Ahumahi Kanorau
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te ao o te pomology kua hua ake ngā momo hou me ngā uara tāpiri: he reka ake, he kakara kaha ake, he tae ataahua, he rahi ōrite, me te roa o te wā e mau ai. Ka taea te whakamahi i te whakatipu uri tuku iho, te kōwhiringa clonal, me ngā tikanga hangarau koiora hou, i runga i te kaupapa me te taonga.
I te taha ahumahi, kei te piki haere te hiahia mō ngā hua mata kounga teitei, me te hiahia hoki mō ngā rauemi mata mō ngā wai hua, ngā tiamu, ngā maramara hua, me ētahi atu hua tukatuka. Ko te Pomology te pūtake pūtaiao hei whakarite i te haere tonu o te tuku, ngā paerewa kounga, me te whai huatanga o te whakaputa.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā kaupapa matua o te pomology ko te mārama ki ngā momo hua me ngā āhuatanga, te āhua o te tipu me te pakari, ngā tikanga whakatipu, te whakahaere taiao me te whakatipu, te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mate, me te whakahaere i te kotinga me te muri i te kotinga. Ehara i te mea ko te pomology te pūtaiao o te whakatipu hua anake, engari ko te pūtaiao o te whakarite kia hua pai ngā hua, kia kounga, kia whai uara ōhanga, kia pumau hoki. Mā te mārama ki ēnei mātāpono matua, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu, ngā kairangahau, me ngā kaitākaro o te umanga māra te whakatau whai whakaaro nui ake hei whakanui ake i ngā hua me te kounga o ngā hua, me te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te mākete me ngā matea kai o te hapori.
