Te Awe o ngā Take Taiao ki te Whakaahuatanga
He tukanga matū koiora nui te whakaahua-ā-tinana e puta ana i roto i ngā tipu, i ngā rimurimu, me ētahi momo huakita. Ka hurihia e tēnei tukanga te pūngao mārama mai i te rā ki te pūngao matū i roto i te ahua o te hukahuka, e whakamahia ana mō te tipu me te whanaketanga. Heoi, ka pāngia te tukanga whakaahua-ā-tinana e ngā āhuatanga taiao maha. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te pānga o ngā āhuatanga taiao maha pērā i te mārama, te pāmahana, te wai, te hauhā waro (CO2), me ngā matūkai oneone ki te tukanga whakaahua-ā-tinana.
Te Hiranga o te Mārama i roto i te Whakaahua-ā-Whātu
He wāhanga matua te māramatanga o te whakaahua-whakaahua. Ki te kore he māramatanga, kāore e taea e te chlorophyll i roto i ngā chloroplasts tipu te mimiti i te pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei wehewehe i ngā ngota wai ki te hāora me te hauwai. He mea nui te kaha, te kounga, me te roa o te māramatanga ki te tere o te whakaahua-whakaahua.
– Te Kaha o te Mārama: I te kaha iti o te mārama, he iti hoki te tere o te whakaahua nā te mea he iti rawa te pūngao e wātea ana hei akiaki i te tauhohenga. I tetahi atu taha, ina piki ake te kaha o te mārama ki tua atu i tētahi taumata, ka piki ake hoki te tere o te whakaahua kia tae rā anō ki te mātotoru. I muri i tēnei wā, kāore e piki ake te tere o te whakaahua nā te whakanui ake i te kaha o te mārama nā te mea ka whakawhāitihia e ētahi atu āhuatanga.
– Te Kounga o te Mārama: He rerekē te pānga o ngā roangaru mārama ki te whakaahua irahiko o te tipu. Ko te mārama whero me te mārama kikorangi te mea tino whai hua ki te whakaoho i te whakaahua irahiko nā te mea ka pai ake te mimiti e te chlorophyll. Ko te mārama kākāriki te mea tino iti te whai hua nā te mea ka whakaatahia e ngā rau, ka puta ai te āhua kākāriki.
– Te Roa o te Mārama: Ka pāngia hoki te tukanga o te photoperiodism, arā, te roa o te mārama i ia rā. Me whai wā motuhake te māramatanga mō ētahi tipu kia eke ki ngā tere photosynthesis tino pai.
Te Pānga o te Pāmahana ki te Whakaahuatanga
Ko te pāmahana tētahi atu āhuatanga taiao e tino pā ana ki te photosynthesis. He pāmahana tino pai tō ngā whākōkī e whakaoho ana i ngā tauhohenga matū koiora i roto i te photosynthesis.
– Ngā Pāmahana Iti: I ngā pāmahana iti, ka iti ake te mahi a ngā whākōkī, ka whakaroa i te tere o te whakaahua. I ngā pāmahana iti, inā koa i raro i te hukapapa, ka taea e te wai i roto i ngā rau te tio, ka mutu katoa te whakaahua.
– Ngā Pāmahana Teitei: I ngā pāmahana teitei, ka piki ake te mahi a ngā whākōkī i te tīmatanga, ka tere ake te tere o te whakaahua-mai. Heoi, ki te tino teitei te pāmahana, ka taea e ngā whākōkī te pakaru (te whakarerekē i te āhua), ka heke te tere o te whakaahua-mai. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā pāmahana teitei te whakanui ake i te tere o te mimiti, ka pāngia ai ngā tipu e te ahotea wai.
Te Pānga o te Wātea o te Wai ki te Whakaahuatanga
He mea nui te wai mō te tukanga whakaahua-ata. Ka pakaruhia ngā ngota wai i te wā mārama o te whakaahua-ata hei whakaputa i te hāora, ngā irahiko, me ngā porotona.
– Te Kore Wai: Ina iti te wai, ka kati ngā stomata (ngā pūwero i roto i ngā rau) hei pupuri i te wai. Mā te kati o ngā stomata ka whakaitihia te rerenga mai o te CO2, he mea e tika ana mō te whakaahua-whakawhiti, ā, ka whakaitihia te tere o te whakaahua-whakawhiti.
– Te Wai Nui: I taua wā anō, ka taea e te nui rawa o te wai te hanga oneone anaerobic (oneone kāore he hāora), ka kino pea ngā pakiaka me te whakararuraru i te mimiti wai me ngā matūkai, ā, ka pāngia te photosynthesis.
Te Pānga o te Kukū o te Hauhā Waro (CO2) ki te Whakaahuatanga
Ko te hauhā waro tētahi atu rauemi mata mō te whakaahua-whakawhitiwhiti. Ka taea e te kukū o te CO2 i te āhuarangi te whakawhāiti, te whakanui rānei i te tere o te whakaahua-whakawhitiwhiti, i runga i tōna wātea.
– Te Kukū Iti: I ngā kukū CO2 iti, ka aukatia te tere o te whakaahua-mai nā te mea he iti rawa te CO2 e wātea ana mō te huringa Calvin (tētahi o ngā wāhanga o te whakaahua-mai).
– Te Kukū Teitei: Mā te whakanui ake i te kukū o te CO2 ka taea te whakanui ake i te tere o te whakaahua. Heoi, ka pā noa tēnei ki tētahi wāhi, ā, i muri iho ka pumau te tere, ka heke rānei mēnā ka mākū te whākōkī rubisco (te whākōkī e herea ana te CO2 i te whakaahua).
Te Pānga o te Kai o te Oneone ki te Whakaahuatanga
He maha ngā matūkai e hiahiatia ana e ngā tipu mai i te oneone mō te photosynthesis me te tipu pai. Ko ētahi o ēnei matūkai ko te hauota, te phosphorus, te pāhare pāporo, te konupora, me te whanariki.
– Hauota (N): He wāhanga nui o te chlorophyll me ngā waikawa amino, he mea nui te hauota mō te photosynthesis. Ka puta te chlorosis, te kōwhai rānei o ngā rau, nā reira ka whakaitihia te kaha o te tipu ki te photosynthesis.
– Te Whōkawa (P): He mea nui te whōkawa mō te whakawhiti pūngao, ā, he mea nui tēnei mō te hanganga o te ATP (adenosine triphosphate) e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakaahua me te pākia o ngā pūtau katoa.
– Pāhare pākawa (K): Ka āwhina te pāhare pākawa ki te whakahaere i te taurite o te stomata me te osmotic, ka awe i te rere o te wai me ngā hau ki roto, ki waho hoki i ngā rau, ā, ka awe anō hoki i te photosynthesis.
– Konupora (Mg): He wāhanga matua o te ngota konupora, he mea nui te konupora mō te mimiti mārama. Ka hua ake te korenga o te konupora i te kōrorā o ngā rau, ka whakaiti i te pai o te whakaahua.
Whakamutunga
He nui te pānga o ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te mārama, te pāmahana, te wai, te kukū o te CO2, me ngā matūkai o te oneone ki te photosynthesis. He mahi ahurei, he mahi honohono hoki tā ia o ēnei āhuatanga, e whakahaere ana i te tipu o ngā tipu i roto i ngā momo rauropi. Ko te mārama ki te pānga o ēnei āhuatanga ki te photosynthesis he mea nui ki te whakapiki i te hua ahuwhenua, ki te aro atu ki ngā huringa taiao, me te whakawhanake i ngā otinga pumau mō ngā wero o te ao pēnei i te huringa āhuarangi me te haumarutanga kai.
Mā te rangahau me te whakawhanake i tēnei hangarau e ahu mai ana i te mātauranga ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga whakatipu mō ngā tipu, kia pai ai ngā hua me te tiaki i te taiao. I tēnei wā e tere haere ana te huringa āhuarangi, ko te urutau me te auahatanga ki te mārama me te whakamahi i te tukanga whakaahua te mea nui ki tētahi heke mai pumau.
