Te Pānga o te Parahanga ki te Whakaahuatanga o ngā Tipu
He tukanga taketake te whakaahua-ā-tinana e āhei ai ngā tipu ki te whakaputa kai (huka) mai i te hauhā waro (CO₂) me te wai (H₂O) mā te āwhina o te rā. Ehara i te mea ko tēnei tukanga anake te whakatau i te tipu me te hua o ngā tipu engari ka pupuri hoki i te taurite o te rauropi mā te tuku hāora. Heoi, ko te pikinga ake o te parahanga hau mai i ngā mahi ahumahi, te kawe waka, te tahunga para, me ngā ahi ngahere kua noho hei tūmomo mōrearea ki te whakaahua-ā-tinana. Ka taea e ētahi poke te aukati i te mimiti mārama, te kino i te hanganga rau, te whakararuraru i ngā stomata, tae atu ki te whakararuraru i ngā tauhohenga matū i roto i ngā chloroplast. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga te pānga o te parahanga ki te whakaahua-ā-tinana o ngā tipu, ngā tikanga e whai pānga ana, me tōna pānga ki ngā rauropi me te ahuwhenua.
Te whakaahua me ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki a ia
I roto i ngā kupu māmā noa iho, e rua ngā huinga tauhohenga o te photosynthesis: ko ngā tauhohenga mārama (e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mārama) me te huringa Calvin (e whakamahi ana i te CO₂ hei hanga i ngā pūhui waro). He maha ngā āhuatanga matua e pāngia ana e te tere o te photosynthesis, pērā i te kaha o te mārama, te pāmahana, te wātea o te wai, te kukū CO₂, me te āhua ā-tinana o ngā rau. Ka taea e te parahanga te whakararu i tētahi, i ētahi rānei o ēnei āhuatanga i te wā kotahi. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā matūriki puehu te whakaiti i te nui o te mārama e whiwhihia ana e ngā rau, ko ngā hau paitini pērā i te ozone (O₃) me te whanariki hauhā (SO₂) ka taea te kino i te kiko rau me te whakaiti i te whai huatanga o te chlorophyll.
Ko te momo parahanga e tino pāngia ana e te photosynthesis
Ka taea te wehewehe i te parahanga e pā ana ki te tukanga whakapūtātanga o te rauropi ki te parahanga hau, te parahanga matūriki, me ngā parahanga tuarua i hangaia mai i ngā tauhohenga matū i te āhuarangi.
1. Te ozone Tropospheric (O₃)
Ka hangaia te ozone i te hau o raro mā te tauhohenga o ngā waikura hauota (NOx) me ngā pūhui waro mimiti (VOC) i te aroaro o te rā. Ko te O₃ tētahi o ngā poke tino kino ki ngā tipu nā tōna āhua tauhohenga nui.
2. Te hauhā whanariki (SO₂)
Ko te SO₂, he mea hanga i te nuinga o te wā mai i te tahunga o ngā wahie pūngoi kei roto te whanariki, pērā i te waro me ētahi hinu, ka taea e ia te tomo ki ngā rau mā roto i ngā stomata ka whakararuraru i te pākia o te kai.
3. Hauota hauhā (NO₂)
Ko te nuinga o te NO₂ e puta mai ana i ngā waka me ngā tipu hiko, ka taea e ia te kino i ngā kiko rau, ā, ka whai wāhi hoki ki te hanganga ozone.
4. Ngā matūriki (PM10 me te PM2.5) me te puehu
Ka piri pea ngā matūriki angiangi ki te mata o te rau, ka kati ai ngā stomata, ka aukati hoki i te urunga mai o te mārama.
5. Ngā konganuku taumaha me ētahi atu poke
I ngā wāhi ahumahi, maina rānei, ka pāngia ngā tipu e ngā konganuku taumaha mā te puehu, te paru oneone rānei. Ahakoa he hononga nui ki ngā āhuatanga o te oneone, ka taea e te kohikohinga konganuku taumaha te whakararuraru i te hanganga o te chlorophyll me ngā whākōkī photosynthesis.
Ka āraihia te photosynthesis e ngā tikanga parahanga
1. Te katinga o ngā stomata me te whakararuraru i te whakawhiti hau
Ko ngā stomata te mahi a ngā "tatau" mō te whakawhiti hau: ka tomo te CO₂ mō te whakaahua-whakawhiti, ka puta te hāora me te mamaoa wai. Ka taea e te parahanga te kati i ngā stomata hei urupare tiaki. Ina kati ngā stomata, ka heke te mimiti o te CO₂, ka whakaroa i te whakaahua-whakawhiti. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā matūriki puehu piri te aukati i ngā stomata, ka whakararuraru i te whakawhiti hau ahakoa e hiahia ana te tipu kia tuwhera tonu.
2. Te kino o te korōroira me te hekenga o te mimiti mārama
Ka whakapōrearea, ka ārai rānei ētahi poke i te hanganga o te chlorophyll. Hei tauira, ka taea e te SO₂ te whakapōrearea i te chlorosis (te kōwhai o ngā rau), he tohu tēnei o te iti o te chlorophyll. Mēnā he iti te chlorophyll, kāore e taea e ngā rau te hopu pai i te pūngao mārama, ka ngoikore ai ngā tauhohenga e pā ana ki te mārama.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea e te puehu, te pungarehu rānei te hanga i tētahi paparanga ki runga i te mata o te rau. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei paparanga te kaha o te mārama e tae atu ana ki ngā kiko whakaahua, ā, ka whakaitihia te whakaputanga pūngao (ATP me NADPH).
3. Te ahotea waikura me te kino o ngā pūtau
Ka taea e te O₃ me ētahi atu poke tauhohe te whakaputa i ngā rauropi kore utu (Reactive Oxygen Species/ROS) i roto i te kiko rau. Ka kino te ROS i ngā kiriuhi pūtau, ngā pūmua, me ngā tae whakaahua. Ka taea e te kino o ngā kiriuhi chloroplast te whakaiti tika i te whai huatanga o te pūnaha whakaahua II, he wāhanga matua o ngā tauhohenga mārama. Ehara i te mea ko te hekenga o te tere o te whakaahua anake te pānga engari ko te whakaterenga i te koroheketanga o te rau me te whakaiti i te tipu.
4. Ngā huringa o te pākia o te tinana me te mahi whākōkī
Ko te mahi whakaahua e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whākōkī, tae atu ki te RuBisCO, e whai wāhi ana ki te whakapūmau i te CO₂ i roto i te huringa Calvin. Ka taea e te pānga roa ki ngā poke te whakarerekē i te mahi a ēnei whākōkī mā te kore ā-tikanga, hei tauira mā roto i ngā huringa o te pH pūtau, te kino o te pūmua, te whakararuraru rānei i te tuku pūngao. Nō reira, ahakoa he nui te mārama, kāore e taea e ngā tipu te tukatuka pai i te CO₂ hei huka.
5. Te ua waikawa me te kino ā-kore
Ka taea e te SO₂ me te NOx te tauhohe hei hanga waikawa whanariki me te waikawa hauota, ka taka hei ua waikawa. Ehara i te mea ka kino noa te mata o ngā rau i te ua waikawa engari ka whakarerekē hoki i te pH o te oneone, ka whakarewa i ētahi matūkai, ā, ka whakanui ake i te wairewatanga o ngā konganuku taumaha. Mēnā he iti ngā matūkai nui o ngā tipu pēnei i te konupora (he wāhanga o te chlorophyll) me te hauota rānei, ka heke te photosynthesis nā te ngoikore o te tae me te hanganga whākōkī.
Ngā tohu i roto i ngā tipu nā te pānga ki te parahanga
I ngā wā maha, ka kitea ngā pānga o te parahanga e te kanohi. Ko ētahi o ngā tohu noa ko:
– Te kōwhai o ngā rau (chlorosis) nā te iti o te chlorophyll.
– Te mate kiri (ngā ira parauri/te mate o ngā kiko) inā koa i te wā e pāngia ana e te ozone.
– Te tupu pōturi, te iti o ngā rau, me te iti haere o te koiora.
– Te hekenga o ngā hua o ngā hua i whakatōkia, hei tauira, te witi, te pīni soya, te raihi, ngā huawhenua rānei.
– Te koroheketanga wawe me te tere o te hinga o ngā rau, ka whakaiti i te kaha o te tipu ki te whakaahua puta noa i te wā.
Heoi, kāore e kitea wawetia ngā pānga katoa. Mēnā he iti te pānga engari he roa te wā, ka heke te tere o te whakaputanga o te hihi o te rā, ā, kāore he tohu e kitea ana—ka kitea noa iho mā te hekenga o te hua, te ātete rānei o ngā tipu ki te tauraki me ngā pepeke.
Te pānga ki ngā pūnaha rauropi me te ahuwhenua
He whānui ngā hua o te hekenga o te photosynthesis. I te tauine rauropi, ka heke te hua tuatahi, ka pā ki te mekameka kai nā te iti o te whakaurunga pūngao. Ko ngā ngahere me ngā tipu kua ngoikore ka ngawari ake ki te mate me te huringa āhuarangi. Hei tāpiri, ki te heke te photosynthesis ā-rohe, ka heke hoki te kaha o ngā tipu ki te mimiti i te CO₂, ka kaha ake te kohikohinga o ngā hau kati kōtuhi i te hau.
I roto i te ahuwhenua, ka pā tika te pānga ki ngā hua me te kounga o te hua. Ko ngā tipu kāore e taea te hanga pai i te whakaahua ka iti ake ngā warowaihā ka puta, ka iti ake te rahi o ngā hua, ngā purapura, ngā kōpura rānei. Ka taea hoki e te parahanga te whakanui ake i ētahi atu taumahatanga taiao, pērā i te tauraki. Ina tata ngā stomata ki te aukati i ngā parahanga, ka iti ake te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga wai, ka uaua ake ai te urutau o ngā tipu ki ngā āhuatanga maroke.
Ngā mahi hei whakaiti i te pānga o te parahanga ki te photosynthesis
Hei whakatau i tēnei raruraru, me whai i tētahi huarahi mai i raro ki runga:
1. Te whakaiti i ngā tukunga mā te kawe waka iti-tukunga, te pūngao hou, me ngā whakahaere ahumahi.
2. Mā te whakatipu otaota i ngā tāone me ngā momo kararehe e ātete ana ki te parahanga ka āwhina i te tātari i ngā matūriki me te whakaiti i ngā taumata parahanga ā-rohe.
3. Te whakatinanatanga o ngā ārai otaota huri noa i ngā wāhi ahumahi, i ngā rori nui rānei, hei whakaiti i te pānga tika ki ngā whenua ahuwhenua.
4. Te whakatipu i ngā tipu e ātete ana ki te parahanga, hei tauira, ngā momo he kaha ake ngā pūnaha ārai mate, he ngāwari ake rānei te urutau o ngā stomata.
5. Te tiaki tika i ngā rau me te whakamakuku i ētahi māra (hei tauira, ngā whare kati kōtuhi, ngā wāhi nui rānei) hei whakaiti i te kohikohinga puehu me te ahotea.
Whakamutunga
He tino mōrearea te parahanga o te hau me te whakatakotoranga o ngā parahanga ki te whakapūtanga o ngā tipu. Mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te katinga o ngā stomata, te kino o te chlorophyll me te chloroplast, te ahotea waikura, me ngā pānga ā-korekore pēnei i te ua waikawa me te whakararuraru i ngā matūkai, ka taea e te parahanga te whakaiti i ngā tere o te whakapūtanga o ngā tipu. Ko ngā pānga mai i te whakaiti i te tipu o ngā tipu ki te ngoikore o te pūnaha rauropi me te hua ahuwhenua. Nā te mea ko te whakapūtanga o ngā tipu te tūāpapa o te ora i runga i te Ao, he mea nui ngā mahi whakahaere parahanga ehara i te mea mō te hauora o te tangata anake engari mō te pumau o te taiao me te haumarutanga kai.
