Te Rauropi o te Ngāhere o te Maunga me tōna Oranga
Ko ngā ngahere maunga he momo rauropi maunga e hanga ana i ngā rohe teitei, e tata ana ki te rārangi rākau, i raro iho rānei i te rārangi rākau, te wāhi e tino kino rawa ai ngā āhuatanga taiao mō te tipu pai o ngā rākau. He maha ngā wā e hē ana te whakaaro he rohe "kore ora", he nui ngā āhuatanga taiao o ngā ngahere maunga. Mai i ngā urutaunga tipu ātete-makariri ki ngā tauira taunekeneke kararehe ahurei me tō rātou tūranga nui hei ārai wai, he taiwhanga taiao ngā ngahere maunga e whakaatu ana i te oranga o te ora i ngā rohe o ōna kaha koiora.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Taiao Ngāhere o te Maunga
Ka pāngia ngā ngahere maunga e ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi tino rerekē me te tere o te hurihanga. He iti te pāmahana o te hau puta noa i te tau, he poto hoki te wā tipu. He teitei te kaha o te hihi o te rā nā te angiangi o te āhuarangi i ngā teitei, engari he tino makariri ngā pō, ā, ka puta he huka ohorere. He āhuatanga nui anō hoki ngā hau kaha, ka maroke te mata o te oneone, ka kino hoki te kiko rau mēnā kāore e taea e ngā tipu te urutau.
Ka nui te ua i te rohe maunga, engari he maha ngā wā ka puta hei hukarere, hei whatu rānei i ētahi wāhi. I ētahi maunga pārūrū, he onge te hukarere, engari ka puta tonu ngā tauira makuku motuhake o te kohu matotoru, te tomairangi, me te ua nui. He papaku, he toka, he rawakore hoki ngā oneone i ngā ngahere maunga nā te puhoi o te tukanga huarere i puta mai i te pāmahana iti. Ka whakaroahia e ēnei āhuatanga te huringa matūkai, ka tino ngoikore te pūnaha rauropi ki ngā raruraru.
Hanganga o te tipu me ngā momo tipu
He poto ake, he matotoru ake hoki ngā tipu o te ngahere maunga i ngā ngahere whenua pāpaku. Ko ngā rākau e ora ana i ngā teitei teitei he āhua pakupaku, he piko ngā take, me ngā karauna e okioki ana ki te whenua hei whakaiti i te pānga o te hau me te pupuri i te wera. I roto i te maha o ngā maunga, ko ngā konifera pērā i te paina, te spruce, te fir rānei te nuinga. I roto i ngā maunga pārūrū, ka rerekē te hanganga; he maha ngā rakau iti, ngā tipu rakau iti, me ngā rākau rau iti e ātete ana ki te makariri me te makuku te nuinga o te tipu.
Ko tētahi o ngā urutaunga tino kitea o ngā tipu maunga ko ō rātou rau iti, matotoru, he maha ngā wā he ware pi, he huruhuru rānei hei whakaiti i te ngaronga wai. Ko ētahi tipu ka hanga rōhi (rau ka kohia ki te pūtake) hei hopu i te wera me te whakaiti i te pānga o te hau. He mea nui anō hoki te moko me te raka, e kapi ana i ngā toka me te oneone, e āwhina ana ki te pupuri i te makuku me te tere ake o te hanganga oneone mā te whakatōtō i ngā mata toka.
He mea nui te mahi a ngā harore oneone (ngā harore moroiti) me ngā mycorrhizae—he hononga tahi i waenga i ngā harore me ngā pakiaka tipu—ki te āwhina i ngā tipu ki te whiwhi matūkai, inā koa he iti noa te whākawa me te hauota. Ki te kore he whatunga mycorrhizal, he maha ngā tipu maunga ka uaua ki te tipu i roto i ngā oneone rawakore matūkai.
Te Oranga Kararehe me ngā Tauira Urutau
Ko ngā kararehe e noho ana i ngā ngahere maunga he maha ngā urutaunga e pā ana ki te tiaki pūngao. Ko ngā kararehe iti pēnei i ngā mokomoko maunga, ngā rāpeti, ngā mamota rānei (i ētahi rohe) he matotoru ō rātou huruhuru, ā, ka keri rua rātou hei mawhiti i ngā pāmahana tino kino. Ko ētahi momo ka moe roa, ka noho pōturi rānei (he puhoi o te pākia o te tinana) hei oranga mō te takurua, mō ngā wā kino rānei o te rangi.
Ka whakamahia e ngā manu maunga ngā ngahere maunga hei kōhanga me te kimi kai. He maha ngā momo manu ka taea te rere pai i te hau mātotoru, ā, ka whakamahia hoki ngā hau maunga hei rere. Kei reira anō hoki ngā pepeke, ahakoa he iti ake te maha i ērā i ngā teitei iti iho. He mea whakamīharo, kei ētahi pepeke maunga he "ārai huka tūturu," he matū kei roto i ō rātou wai tinana e ārai ana i te hanganga o ngā tioata hukapapa.
He taurite anō hoki te whanaungatanga kaipahua me te kaipahua. I ētahi rohe, ko te oranga tonutanga o ngā manu kaipahua, ngā kiore, ngā ngeru mohoao maunga rānei e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te noho mai o ngā kiore. Nā te mea he iti te hua o ngā pūnaha rauropi maunga, ka pā nui pea ngā panoni iti ki te wātea o te kai ki te mekameka kai.
Ngā Huringa Matūkai me te Hua o te Pūnaha Rauropi
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o te rauropi maunga ko tōna hua tuatahi iti iho i ngā ngahere ua pārūrū. Nā te poto o te wā tipu ka akiaki i ngā tipu ki te whakanui ake i te photosynthesis ina whakaaetia e ngā āhuatanga. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka tere te tipu mō ngā wā poto, kātahi ka tino puhoi ina heke te pāmahana.
He puhoi te pirau o ngā rau me ngā rakau nā te mea ka aukatihia e ngā pāmahana iti te mahi a ngā moroiti. Ka puta te kohikohinga o ngā mea rauropi ki ētahi wāhi, engari ka puhoi hoki te tukunga o ngā matūkai ki roto i te oneone. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā raruraru pēnei i te ahi, te whakawātea whenua rānei te tango i te paparanga rauropi, ka roa te wā e ora ai.
Te Tūranga o ngā Ngāhere o te Maunga i roto i te Whakahaere Wai me te Āhuarangi o te Rohe
He "pou wai" ngā ngahere o te maunga mō ngā wāhi i raro. Ka rongoatia e ō rātou tipu me te oneone te wai mai i te ua, te tomairangi, te kohu, te hukarere rānei (i ētahi wāhi), kātahi ka tukuna mārire ki ngā awa me ngā puna. Mā tēnei ka mau tonu te rere o te awa, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā waipuke ohorere i te wā ua nui, ā, ka tautoko i te wātea o te wai i te wā maroke.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka āwhina ngā ngahere maunga ki te whakau i ngā pari me te whakaiti i te horo. Ka herea te oneone e ngā pakiaka tipu, ko te taupoki otaota ia ka whakamātao i te pānga o ngā pata ua. Mēnā ka whakangaromia ngā ngahere maunga, ka heke tere te tūponotanga o te horo whenua, te paru o ngā awa, me te kounga o te wai.
Ngā Taunekeneke Ā-Rauhoko Ahurei
I roto i ngā ngahere maunga, he mea nui te taunekeneke tahi (he pai tetahi ki tetahi) hei oranga. Hei tauira, ka whakawhirinaki ngā tipu puāwai ki ngā kaiwhakapūhui pēnei i ngā pī, ngā pūrerehua, ngā namu rānei ka ora i ngā pāmahana iti. Hei tāpiri, ka whakawhirinaki ngā kaiwhakapūhui ki te nekita me te hae hei puna pūngao. Nā te poto o te wā puāwai, he mea nui te tukutahi i waenga i te wā puāwai me te mahi a ngā kaiwhakapūhui.
Ka puta hoki te whakataetae i waenga i ngā tipu, inā koa mō te wāhi whakatipu e tiakina ana mai i te hau, me te oneone matotoru ake. I ngā wāhi tino tuwhera, ka hangaia e ngā tipu he tautau matotoru (he tipu urunga), ka hangaia he nohoanga moroiti mahana ake, makuku ake, ka taea ai e ētahi atu momo te ora tata.
Ngā Tūraru ki ngā Ngāherehere o te Maunga
He tino pāngia ngā pūnaha rauropi o ngā ngahere maunga e te huringa. Ko tētahi o ngā tūmomo mōrearea nui ko te huringa āhuarangi. Ka taea e te pikinga o te pāmahana te neke i te rārangi rākau ki ngā teitei ake. Nā reira, kei te panaia ngā nohoanga o ngā mania maunga me ngā hapori maunga ki ngā tihi, engari kei te iti haere te wāhi e nohoia ana e rātou. Ka pāngia hoki e te huringa o ngā tauira ua te wātea o te wai, me te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te ahi i ētahi wāhi.
Haunga te huringa āhuarangi, ka taea e ngā mahi a te tangata pēnei i te whakawātea whenua mō te ahuwhenua maunga, te keri maina, te hanga rori, me te tūruhi kore whakahaere te kino i ngā tipu me te oneone. Nā te puhoi o te whakaoranga o ngā maunga, ahakoa he iti noa ngā kino ka mau tonu mō ngā tekau tau.
He tūmomo mōrearea anō hoki ngā momo tipu whakaeke. I te pikinga ake o te urunga mai o te tangata, ka taea e ngā purapura tipu ehara i te taketake te uru atu me te whakataetae ki ngā tipu taketake e puhoi ana te tipu.
Ngā Mahi Tiaki me te Whakahaere Tauwhiro
Ko te tiaki i ngā ngahere maunga me whai whakaaro ki te ngoikore o te pūnaha rauropi. Ko ngā mahi nui ko te tiaki i ngā wāhi matua e tata ana ki te rārangi rākau me ngā tihi maunga, te whakahaere i ngā ara hikoi kia kore ai e kino ngā tipu pakarukaru, me te whakaako i ngā tūruhi kia kaua e maka para, kia kaua hoki e kotiti ke atu i ngā ara.
Me aroturuki hoki mō te wā roa hei aromatawai i ngā panonitanga o te hanganga o ngā momo nā te mahana o te ao. I ētahi wāhi, ko ngā mahi whakaora i uru ki te whakato i ngā momo taketake me te whakapai ake i te oneone kua memeha. Heoi, me tino tupato te whakaora i ngā rohe maunga, nā te mea ka iti te angitu o ngā āhuatanga taiao kino mena kāore e piri ki ngā mātāpono taiao ā-rohe.
Te Katinga
He rauropi ngā ngahere maunga e whakaatu ana i te manawanui o te ora i raro i ngā here. Nā te iti o te pāmahana, ngā hau kaha, ngā oneone rawakore, me ngā wā tipu poto, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā mea ora o ngā ngahere maunga he whānuitanga whakamiharo o ngā rautaki urutau. He mea nui ēnei rauropi ehara i te mea mō te kanorau koiora anake engari mō te tangata hoki mā roto i tā rātou mahi ki te tiaki wai, te whakaiti i te horo, me te whakau i ngā taiao maunga. Nā te mea he tino pāngia rātou e te raruraru, ko te tiaki i ngā ngahere maunga ko te tiaki i tētahi taonga tuku iho rauropi ngoikore—he pā tūroa i runga i te tuanui o te ao e tautoko ana i te ora i raro rawa.
