Te Pānga o te Irahiko ki te Hangarau Kararehe
He āhuatanga taiao te irahiko ka pā ki te oranga o ngā mea ora, tae atu ki ngā kararehe. I roto i te horopaki o te koiora, e māramahia ana te irahiko hei pūngao e tukuna ana i roto i te ahua o ngā ngaru, o ngā matūriki rānei. Kāore te noho o te irahiko i roto i te taiao e kino tonu; ka puta mai te irahiko taiao i ngā irahiko o te ao, ngā toka, te oneone, me ētahi huānga irahiko. Heoi, ina piki ake te pānga o te irahiko nā ngā mahi a te tangata—hei tauira, te whakamahinga o te hangarau karihi, ngā aituā o te tauhohenga, te pānga hauora tonu rānei—ka nui te pānga ki te āhua o te tinana o ngā kararehe. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga te pānga o te irahiko ki ngā pūnaha koiora o ngā kararehe, mai i te taumata pūtau ki te taumata okana, me ōna pānga ki te hauora, te whakaputa uri, me te pumau o te taupori.
Ngā Momo Irahiko me ngā Tikanga Whakapuakitanga i roto i ngā Kararehe
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te wehewehe i te irahiko ki ngā irahiko kore-whakakotahi (hei tauira, ngā ngaru reo irirangi, ngā ngaruiti, me ngā wāhanga o te whānuitanga hihi ultraviolet) me ngā irahiko whakakotahi (hei tauira, ngā hihi-X, ngā hihi gamma, me ngā matūriki alpha me beta). He nui te kaha o te irahiko whakakotahi hei tango i ngā irahiko mai i ngā ngota, i ngā ngota rānei, ka puta he irahiko tino tauhohe. Koinei te take matua e hono pinepine ai te irahiko whakakotahi ki te kino koiora.
Ka taea e ngā kararehe te pāngia e te irahiko mā roto i ngā ara maha. Ka puta te pānga o waho ina puta mai te irahiko i tētahi pūtake i waho o te tinana, pērā i ngā hihi-X, i te poke taiao rānei. Ka puta te pānga o roto ina hongi, ina horomia, ina mimiti rānei ngā kararehe i ngā rauemi irahiko mā roto i ō rātou kiri me te kai, ka taea ai e ngā irahiko te uru ki ngā kiko o te tinana, ka tukuna te irahiko ki roto. He mea nui te ara o te pānga nā te mea ka whakatau ko ēhea ngā okana e tino pāngia ana; hei tauira, ko ētahi irahiko ka kohikohi ki roto i ngā wheua, i te repe tairoi, i te ate rānei.
Pānga ki te Taumata Pūtau me te Taumata Ngota
Ko ngā pānga ā-tinana tuatahi o te irahiko ka puta i te taumata pūtau. Ka taea e te irahiko whakakoi te kino i ngā ngota ora, inā koa ko te DNA. Ka taea e te kino o te DNA te puta i te ahua o ngā wehenga aho kotahi, ngā wehenga aho rua rānei e tino morearea ana. Hei tāpiri, ka puta hoki i te irahiko te hanganga o ngā rauropi kore utu mai i ngā ngota wai i roto i ngā pūtau mā te tukanga e kiia nei ko te radiolysis. He tino tauhohe ēnei rauropi kore utu, ā, ka taea te whakaeke i ngā pūmua, ngā lipid membrane, me ngā waikawa karihi.
Ki te kore e whakatikahia tika te kino o te DNA, ka taea e ngā pūtau te whakarerekē i ō rātou āhua, te mutu te wehewehe, te mate pūtau kua whakaritea rānei (apoptosis). I roto i ngā kiko he nui te tere wehewehenga—pērā i te hinu wheua, te epithelium whekau, me ngā kiko whakaputa uri—ka kitea nuitia ake ngā pānga nā te mea kei te kaha te wehewehe o ngā pūtau i reira, ā, he tairongo ake ki te kino ira.
Ngā Pānga o te Irahiko ki te Pūnaha Hematopoietic (Toto)
Ko tētahi o ngā pūnaha ā-tinana e tino pāngia ana e te irahiko ko te pūnaha hematopoietic, te pūnaha whakaputa toto e puta tuatahi ana i roto i te hinu wheua. Ka taea e te pānga o te irahiko te whakaiti i te whakaputanga o ngā toto mā (ngā pūtau toto whero), ngā toto toto whero (ngā pūtau toto whero), me ngā pereti toto. Ka ngoikore te pūnaha ārai mate mā te hekenga o ngā leukocyte, ā, ka piki ake te ngāwari ki te pangia. Ka piki ake te mōrearea o te toto mā te hekenga o ngā pereti toto, engari ka taea e te hekenga o ngā pūtau toto whero te whakararu i te anemia, te ngenge, me te kore e pai te tuku hāora ki ngā kiko.
I roto i ngā kararehe, ka kitea pea tēnei āhuatanga hei ngoikore o te mahi, te kore e tipu pai, te puhoi o te whakaora o ngā patunga, me te pikinga o te mate nā ngā mate tuarua. Mēnā ka pāngia wawetia ngā horopeta nui, ka tere te pakaru o te hinu wheua, ka hua ake te mate irahiko ohorere, ka mate pea.
Ngā Mate Pūnaha Nakunaku me te Pūnaha Pūnaha Pūnaha
He tere te whakahounga o te kiko epithelial i roto i te ara nakunaku, inā koa te whekau iti, ā, ka pāngia e te irahiko. Ka taea e te pānga o te irahiko te kino i ngā pūtau epithelial o te whekau e kawenga ana mō te mimiti matūkai me te mahi hei ārai i ngā pathogens. Nō reira, ka pāngia ngā kararehe e te mate korere, te mimiti koretake, te maroke, me te kore taurite o ngā electrolytes. Ka pāngia e ēnei āhuatanga te pākia o te tinana, ka tangohia te kaha me ngā matūkai nui.
Hei tāpiri atu, ka taea hoki e te irahiko te whakararuraru i te mahi a te ate me te whatukuhu, arā, ngā whekau e rua e whai wāhi nui ana ki te tango paitini me te tukunga atu i ngā paitini. Ka ārai te ate ngoikore i te tukatuka pai o ngā matūkai me ngā paitini, engari ka pā te ngoikore o te whatukuhu ki te whakahaere wai me te tango i ngā para pākia, ā, ka kino ake te āhua tinana o te kararehe.
Te Pānga ki te Pūnaha Whakaputa Uri me te Whanaketanga
He tino pūtake te pūnaha whakaputa uri mō te irahiko nā te mea he tino tairongo ngā pūtau ira (te parāoa me te hua manu). I roto i ngā kararehe toa, ka taea e te irahiko te whakaiti i te maha o ngā parāoa, te nekenekehanga, me te whakanui ake i ngā āhua rerekē o te parāoa. Ka taea e tēnei te whakaiti i te momonatanga me te angitu o te whakaputa uri. I roto i ngā kararehe uwha, ka taea e te irahiko te kino i ngā follicle ovarian, te whakararuraru i te huringa estrous, te whakanui ake i te mōrearea o te materoto, te kore rānei e taea te whānau tamariki tuturu, i runga i te horopeta me te roa o te pānga.
He mea morearea hoki te pānga o te irahiko i te wā o te kukune me te fetal nā te mea he tere te wehenga o ngā pūtau i tēnei wā whanaketanga. Ka taea e te kino i tēnei wā te whakaputa i ngā hapa whānau, ngā mate tipu, ngā hapa o ngā okana, me te pikinga ake o te mate i mua i te whānautanga. Ehara i te mea ka pā noa ēnei pānga ki ngā tāngata takitahi engari ka taea hoki te whakaiti i te tere tipu o te taupori i te wā roa.
Ngā Pānga ki te Pūnaha Io me te Whanoke
Ko te tikanga, he ātete ake te pūnaha io ki te irahiko i ngā kiko e tere wehewehe ana, engari ko te horopeta nui, ko te roa rānei o te pānga ka pā tonu ki te roro me ngā io. Ka pā te irahiko ki ngā oko toto o te roro, ka whakanui ake i te mumura, ka whakaoho i te ahotea waikura, ka kino ai ngā neuron. Nō reira, ka whakaatu pea ngā kararehe i ngā huringa whanonga pēnei i te koretake o te aronga, te ngoikore o te kaha ki te kimi kai, te whakarerekētanga o ngā tauira mahi, me te ngoikore o te taunga nekehanga.
I roto i te horopaki taiao, he mea nui ēnei huringa whanonga nā te mea ka pā ki te kaha o te kararehe ki te ora. Ko ngā kararehe e raru ana te whakatere, e ngoikore ana rānei ngā urupare a ngā kaipahua, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te mate, ā, ka horapa ngā pānga ā-tinana o te irahiko ki ngā taupori.
Te Irahiko, te Pūnaha Endocrine, me te Urupare ki te Āwangawanga
Ka pā anō hoki te irahiko ki te pūnaha endocrine, e whakahaere ana i ngā homoni me ngā mahi ā-tinana pērā i te tipu, te pākia o te tinana, me te whakaputa uri. Hei tauira, ka pāngia ngā kararehe e ngā mate repe tairoiro pērā i te iodine irahiko, ka kohia ki roto i te tairoiro. Ka pāngia ngā kararehe e te kore taurite o ngā homoni, tae atu ki ngā huringa o te hiahia kai, te taumaha, te pāmahana o te tinana, me ngā taumata mahi.
Hei tāpiri atu, ka taea e te pānga o te hihi te whakanui ake i te urupare ahotea ā-tinana. Ka whakaoho te ahotea mau tonu i te tukunga o ngā homoni pēnei i te corticosteroids, ka pehi i te pūnaha ārai mate, ka whakararu hoki i te mahi whakaputa uri i roto i te wā. Nō reira, ko ngā pānga o te hihi ehara i te mea tika noa iho mā te kino o te kiko engari he kore tika anō hoki mā ngā huringa o te whakahaere homoni.
Te Urutau me te Rerekētanga o te Ātete i roto i ngā Momo Rerekē
Kāore e rite te urupare a ngā kararehe katoa ki te irahiko. Ka pāngia te ātete o ngā momo, te pakeke, te hauora, me te taumata o te pānga ki te irahiko. Ko ētahi rauropi, tae atu ki ētahi momo pepeke, he nui ake te manawanui nā te pai o ngā tikanga whakatika DNA, nā te rerekētanga rānei o ngā huringa ora. I taua wā, ko ngā kararehe he ngawari ake te pāngia, inā koa i roto i ngā whekau he nui te tipu o ngā pūtau.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhio ko te "manawanui" ehara i te mea kāore he pānga. Mēnā he iti te horopeta o te pānga, ka ngawari noa iho ngā pānga, ā, ka kitea noa iho i te wā roa, pērā i te pikinga o te mōrearea o te mate pukupuku, te hekenga o te momonatanga, me ngā mate pūnaha ārai mate e hokihoki mai ana.
Whakamutunga
Ka pā te irahiko ki te āhua o te kararehe mā roto i ngā tikanga uaua e pā ana ki te kino o te DNA, te hanganga o ngā rauropi kore utu, te whakararuraru i te pākia o te tinana, me ngā huringa o te mahi a ngā okana me ngā pūnaha tinana. Ko ngā pūnaha toto, ngā pūnaha puku, me ngā pūnaha whakaputa uri ētahi o ngā mea tino pāngia e te irahiko, engari ka pāngia hoki ngā pūnaha io me ngā pūnaha endocrine e ētahi pānga. Ehara i te mea ka tūkino noa ēnei pānga i te hauora o te tangata engari ka pā hoki ki ngā āhuatanga o te taupori mā te whakaiti i te angitu me te oranga o te whakaputa uri.
He mea nui te mārama ki ngā pānga o te irahiko ki te āhua o ngā kararehe mō te tiaki i ngā kararehe mohoao, te whakahaere mōrearea taiao, me te whakatakoto kaupapa here mō te haumaru irahiko. Mēnā he mōhiotanga tika, ka taea te whakatinana i ngā mahi ārai me ngā mahi whakaiti i te pānga ki te irahiko hei whakaiti i te pānga me te tiaki i te oranga o ngā kararehe me te taurite o te pūnaha rauropi whānui.
