Te Anthropology Tōrangapū me ngā Hanganga Mana: Te Mārama ki ngā Uauatanga o te Whakahaere Tangata
Ko te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū he wāhanga motuhake i roto i te mātauranga tangata e aro ana ki te ako i ngā āhuatanga mana, ngā tikanga tōrangapū, me ngā hanganga puta noa i ngā ahurea rerekē. I puta mai i te whānuitanga o te mātauranga tangata, e whai ana ki te mārama ki ngā whanonga tangata i roto i ōna āhua katoa, ka tukuna e te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū he tirohanga tino nui ki ngā āhuatanga uaua o te kāwanatanga me te mana. Mā te tirotiro i ngā hapori rerekē, ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata tōrangapū te hura i ngā tauira whānui me ngā rerekētanga ahurei o te whakarite, te whakahaere, me te whakataetae mana o te tangata. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā matua i roto i te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū, ā, ka tūhuratia te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā hanganga mana me ngā hapori tangata.
Horopaki o mua me te Whanaketanga
Ko ngā pūtake o te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū ka taea te whai i ngā pūtake o te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 20. Ko ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata o mua, pērā i a Bronisław Malinowski rāua ko AR Radcliffe-Brown, i arotahi ki te mārama ki ngā pūnaha tōrangapū o ngā hapori ehara i te Hauāuru. I whai rātou ki te whakakore i te tirohanga Eurocentric e kī ana ko ngā hanganga tōrangapū o te Hauāuru te tihi o te whakahaere tangata. Engari, i tuhia e ēnei paionia te whai rawa me te uaua o ngā pūnaha kāwanatanga taketake, me te wero i ngā whakaaro tawhito me te whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga o te rangahau tōrangapū.
I roto i ngā tekau tau, i whanake haere te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū, me te whakauru i ngā tikanga me ngā ariā mai i ētahi atu marautanga pēnei i te pūtaiao tōrangapū, te pāpori, me te hītori. I waenganui o te rautau 20, i whakahōhonu ake ngā tohunga pēnei i a EE Evans-Pritchard rāua ko Edmund Leach i te mara me ngā rangahau taipitopito mō te iwi i whakaatu i te āhua hihiri me te tautohenga o te mana i roto i ngā hapori. I ēnei rā, kei te whānui haere tonu te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū, e aro ana ki ngā take o nāianei pēnei i te ao whānui, te koroni, me te kāwanatanga matihiko.
Ngā Ariā Matua i roto i te Anthropology Tōrangapū
1. Mana me te Mana Whakahaere:
Ka āta wehewehea e te mātauranga tātai tangata tōrangapū te mana me te mana whakahaere. Ko te mana e pā ana ki te kaha ki te awe, ki te whakahaere rānei i ngā whanonga a ētahi atu, he maha ngā wā mā roto i ngā tikanga akiaki. Ko te mana whakahaere, i tētahi atu taha, ko te mana e kitea ana he tika e te hapori. Ka rerekē te pūtake o te mana whakahaere, mai i te kaiārahi tuku iho, pērā i ngā rangatira me ngā kīngi, ki ngā momo hou ake pērā i te kāwanatanga manapori me te kaiārahi tari.
2. Te Whānautanga me te Whakahaere Hapori:
I roto i ngā hapori maha, ko ngā hononga whanaungatanga te tūāpapa o te whakahaere tōrangapū. Ko ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga te pūtake o te mana, te tuku iho, me ngā herenga pāpori. Kua rangahauhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata tōrangapū te awe o ngā whatunga whanaungatanga ki te mana tōrangapū, me te mārama ka taea e ngā hononga whānau me ngā hapū te hanga i ngā hihiri mana me ngā taumata pāpori i roto i ngā hapori.
3. Ngā Tikanga me ngā Tohu:
He mea nui ngā kawa me ngā tohu ki te whakamana i te mana me te mana whakahaere. Ko ngā kawa, pērā i te karaunatanga, te oati, me ngā tikanga whakapono, ka whakakaha i te tikanga pāpori me te mana o ngā kaiārahi. Ka tirotirohia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata tōrangapū ēnei mahi kia mārama ai me pēhea te whai wāhi atu ki te pupuri me ngā wero o ngā hanganga mana.
4. Te Pakanga me te Ātete:
He onge te kore o ngā pakanga i roto i ngā hapori. Ka tūhuratia e te mātauranga ā-iwi tōrangapū ngā momo ātete kitea, me ngā momo huna hoki ki ngā hanganga mana kua whakatūria. Mai i ngā whakakeke a ngā tāngata whenua me ngā nekehanga ā-iwi ki ngā mahi whakakeke o ia rā, mā te mārama ki te ātete ka mārama ki te ngoikore me te manawanui o ngā pūnaha tōrangapū.
5. Te Ao Whānui me te Whakawhitiwhiti Whenua:
He whānui ngā pānga o ngā mana o te ao whānui ki ngā hanganga mana. Ka tirohia e te mātauranga tātai tangata tōrangapū te awe o ngā hinonga ā-motu, pērā i ngā kamupene ā-motu me ngā whakahaere kāwanatanga kore o te ao (NGO), ki ngā pūnaha tōrangapū ā-rohe. Hei tāpiri, ko te rere o ngā mōhiohio me ngā tauira hekenga ka huri i te āhua o te mana tuku iho, me te hiahia kia mārama ake ki ngā taunekeneke ā-rohe-ao.
Ngā Akoranga Take me ngā Tirohanga Iwi
Ko tētahi rangahau take nui ko te tirotiro a EE Evans-Pritchard i te iwi Nuer o South Sudan. I kitea e Evans-Pritchard he tino kore mana te hanganga tōrangapū o te iwi Nuer, kāore he mana matua. Engari, he mea nui ngā hononga whanaungatanga me ngā pūnaha tau i roto i te whakarite i te hapori. I whakamāramahia e āna mahi te āhua o te pupuri i te tikanga me te whakatau i ngā pakanga me te kore he kaupapa whakarōpū, me te wero i ngā whakaaro mō te hiranga o te whakahaere matua.
Ko tētahi atu rangahau ā-iwi whai mana ko te mahi a James Scott mō te hunga kaiahuwhenua o Āhia ki te Tonga-Rawhiti, inā koa ko tana ariā mō te "ātete o ia rā." I kī a Scott he maha ngā wā ka uru ngā kaiahuwhenua ki ngā momo ātete ngaro, pērā i te tōia waewae me te kōrero pakiwaitara, e whakararuraru ana i ngā pūnaha tukino. Ka nekehia e tēnei tirohanga te arotahi mai i ngā hurihanga nui ki ngā mahi o ia rā e wero ana i te mana mai i raro, e whakaatu ana i te mana o ngā rōpū e noho tahaetia ana.
Ngā Wero o Nāianei me ngā Aronga o te Ao
He mea nui tonu te mātauranga tātai tangata tōrangapū ki te aro atu ki ngā wero o ēnei rā. Nā te aranga ake o ngā hangarau matihiko kua hangaia he momo kāwanatanga hou me te tirotiro, ā, kua ara ake ngā pātai mō te tūmataitinga, te mana motuhake, me te mana i te ao matihiko. Hei tauira, kua noho ngā papaaho pāpāho pāpori hei wāhi mō ngā mahi tōrangapū me te mana whakahaere a te kāwanatanga. Ka akohia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata tōrangapū ēnei āhuatanga kia mārama ai me pēhea te hanga anō a ngā wāhi matihiko i ngā hanganga mana tuku iho me te hanga i ngā momo hapori me te ātete hou.
Hei tāpiri, kei te awe tonu te taonga tuku iho o te koroni i ngā pūnaha tōrangapū o nāianei. Ka raru ngā whenua whai muri i te koroni ki ngā take o te tuakiri, te mana motuhake, me te whanaketanga, he maha ngā wā i roto i ngā rohe i whakatakotoria e ngā mana koroni. Ka whakaratohia e te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū he taputapu nui hei tirotiro i te āhua o te hanga a ēnei hē o mua i ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū o nāianei, me te whai wāhi atu ki ngā mahi mō te wete i te koroni me te tika pāpori.
He wero tōrangapū nui anō hoki kei te huringa āhuarangi me te hekenga o te taiao. Ko ngā hapori taketake, he maha ngā wā kei te rārangi mua o ngā pānga taiao, ka whakamahi i ngā mātauranga me ngā mahi tuku iho hei tiaki i ō rātou whenua. Ka mahi tahi ngā tohunga tātai tangata tōrangapū me ēnei hapori ki te tuhi me te tautoko i ā rātou pakanga, me te whakaatu i te hononga o ngā take taiao me ngā take tōrangapū.
Opaniraa
Mā te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū ka kitea he māramatanga whai kiko, whai kiko hoki mō ngā hanganga mana puta noa i ngā hapori tangata. Mā roto i ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata me ngā māramatanga ariā, ka whakakitea te uaua me te kanorau o ngā pūnaha tōrangapū, ka wero i ngā ariā ngāwari o te kāwanatanga. I a te ao e anga atu ana ki ngā wero hou me ngā wero e whanake haere ana, ka whakaratohia e te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū ngā tirohanga nui hei mārama me te aro atu ki ngā whanaungatanga uaua i waenga i te mana, te ahurea, me te hapori. Mā te haere tonu ki te tūhura i te āhua maha o te kāwanatanga tangata, ka whai wāhi te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū ki te maioha hohonu ki ngā huarahi ōrite me ngā huarahi motuhake e whakarite ana te tangata i ō rātou oranga tōrangapū.
