Ngā Ariā o te Whanaungatanga me ngā Pūnaha Whānau i roto i te Anthropology
Kua roa te whanaungatanga me ngā pūnaha whānau e arotahi ana ki te rangahau i ngā tikanga tangata. Mā te mārama ki te whakaritenga o ngā whanaungatanga tangata, ngā here whānau, me ngā hanganga pāpori puta noa i ngā ahurea rerekē, ehara i te mea ka kitea noa te kanorau o ngā hapori tangata, engari ka kitea anō hoki ngā āhuatanga matua o te whakaritenga pāpori me ngā whanonga tangata. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā rerekē o te whanaungatanga me ngā pūnaha whānau i roto i te tikanga tangata, me te whai i ō rātou whanaketanga me te hiranga.
Ngā Huarahi Tūatahi ki ngā Akoranga Whanaungatanga
He mahi nui tā ngā tohunga tātai tangata o mua, pērā i a Lewis Henry Morgan, i roto i te rangahau i te whanaungatanga. Nā te mahi nui a Morgan, "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family" (1871), i whakatakoto te turanga mō ngā rangahau whanaungatanga mā te tuhi i ngā kupu whanaungatanga o ngā hapori rerekē. I whakarōpūtia e Morgan ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga kia rua ngā momo matua: te whakarōpūtanga me te whakaahuatanga, i runga i te whānuitanga o ngā kupu whanaungatanga i whakamahia.
Ka whakarōpūhia e ngā pūnaha whakarōpū ngā whanaunga ki ngā kāwai whānui, engari he kupu motuhake ā ngā pūnaha whakaahua mō ngā whanaunga rerekē. I roto i te tirohanga whanaketanga a Morgan, i ahu whakamua ngā hapori tangata mai i ngā hanganga whanaungatanga māmā (i runga i ngā whanaungatanga toto) ki ngā hanganga uaua ake (tae atu ki te marena me te whanaungatanga).
Te Hanganga-Mahi me te Whānaungatanga
Ko te huarahi hanganga-mahi, i tautokona e ngā tohunga tātai tangata pērā i a AR Radcliffe-Brown rāua ko Bronisław Malinowski, i nekehia te arotahi mai i ngā ara whanaketanga ki te mārama ki te tūranga o te whanaungatanga ki te pupuri i te tikanga pāpori. I kite a Radcliffe-Brown i te whanaungatanga hei wāhanga nui o te hanganga pāpori, e whai wāhi ana ki te kotahitanga pāpori mā te tautuhi i ngā tūranga, ngā kawenga, me ngā hononga.
Nā ngā mahi rangahau a Malinowski i ngā Moutere o Trobriand i whakaatu ngā tirohanga taipitopito ki te mahi a te whanaungatanga ā-whānau. I whakaahuahia e ia ngā mahi ōhanga me ngā mahi pāpori o te whanaungatanga, me te whakaatu i te āhua o te whānau e whakatutuki ana i ngā hiahia takitahi me te tautoko i te hapori whānui. I whakanuia e te tirohanga hanganga-mahi te hononga o ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga, te ōhanga, te tōrangapū, me te whakapono ki te hanga i te oranga pāpori.
Ariā Whakahekenga me te Ariā Hononga
Ko te ariā uri whakaheke me te ariā hononga ngā anga matua e rua mō te mārama ki te whanaungatanga.
Ariā Whakahekenga
Ko te ariā whakapapa, e pā tata ana ki ngā mahi a Meyer Fortes rāua ko Edward Evans-Pritchard, e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te whakapapa me te tūpuna. Ka rangahauhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata e whakamahi ana i tēnei huarahi te āhua o ngā rōpū whakapapa (hei tauira, ngā iwi, ngā whakapapa) hei poutokomanawa mō te whakahaere hapori. Ka taea te whai i te whakapapa mā te whakapapa tāne (te whakapapa matua), te whakapapa wahine (te whakapapa mā te whaea), mā ngā mea e rua rānei (te whakapapa rua).
I roto i ngā rangahau a Evans-Pritchard i waenga i te iwi Nuer o Sudan, i kitea te hiranga o te whakapapa i roto i te hanganga o ngā pūnaha tōrangapū me te tuakiri pāpori. Ko te mema o te whakapapa te mea e whakatau ana i ngā mana whenua, te tuku iho, me ngā hononga tōrangapū, e whakaatu ana i te mahi a te whakapapa hei anga mō te whakarite i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori me te whakarite i te haere tonu.
Ariā Hononga
I tētahi atu taha, ko te ariā hononga, i whakawhanakehia e Claude Lévi-Strauss, e arotahi ana ki te marena hei tikanga matua mō te hanga hononga pāpori me ngā hononga i waenga i ngā rōpū. I tautohe a Lévi-Strauss kāore ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga e whakatauhia ana e te uri anake engari e te whakawhitiwhiti wāhine mā te marena anō hoki. I whakaurua e ia te ariā o ngā "hanganga taketake" o te whanaungatanga, ko ngā ture o te marena (hei tauira, te exogamy, te endogamy) e hanga ana i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori me ngā hononga.
E whakanui ana te ariā hononga i te āhua tauutuutu o ngā whakawhitiwhitinga marena, e āwhina ana ki te waihanga whatunga pumau o ngā herenga tahi, e whakatairanga ana i te hononga pāpori. I whakaatuhia e ngā mahi a Lévi-Strauss ngā āhuatanga tohu me te hanganga o te whanaungatanga, e neke atu ana i ngā hononga koiora noa iho ki te whakauru i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga pāpori uaua.
Ngā Huarahi Tohu me te Whakamārama
Nā te hurihanga o te mātauranga ā-iwi ki te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga o te whanaungatanga i te haurua whakamutunga o te rautau 20, i puta ai he whānuitanga hou ki ngā rangahau whanaungatanga. Ko ngā tohunga pērā i a Clifford Geertz i tautoko i ngā huarahi tohu me te whakamārama, me te whakanui i ngā tikanga me ngā tohu e pā ana ki ngā whanaungatanga whanaunga.
I hurihia e te mahi a David Schneider, "American Kinship: A Cultural Account" (1968), ngā rangahau whanaungatanga mā te tautohe he hanganga ahurea te whanaungatanga, ehara i te mea koiora noa iho. I whakaatu a Schneider i te āhua o ngā tikanga ahurea, ngā tohu, me ngā mahi e hanga ana i te whanaungatanga i roto i ngā hapori rerekē. I pātaihia e tana mahi te whānui o ngā ariā whanaungatanga, ā, i karangahia he māramatanga hohonu ake mō te whanaungatanga hei āhuatanga ahurea.
Ngā Tirohanga Wahine me te Ira Tangata
Kua arotakehia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata wahine te hononga o te whanaungatanga me ngā pūnaha whānau ki te ira tangata, te mana, me te kore taurite. I whakahēngia e ngā tohunga pērā i a Gayle Rubin ngā ariā whanaungatanga tuku iho mō ō rātou whakaaro ā-ira tangata me te kore aro ki ngā tūranga o ngā wāhine.
E whakaatu ana ngā tirohanga a te hunga wāhine i ngā āhuatanga ira tangata i roto i ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga, pērā i te mana tāne me te mana whakahaere i te moepuku me te mahi whānau o ngā wāhine. E whakaatu ana ēnei tātaritanga me pēhea e taea ai e ngā hanganga whanaungatanga te pupuri me te wero i ngā kore taurite ira tangata, e tuku ana i tētahi māramatanga whānui ake mō ngā pūnaha whānau.
Te Whanaungatanga me te Ao Whānui
I tēnei ao whānui o te ao whānui, kei te whanake tonu ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga me ngā pūnaha whānau, ā, kei te urutau hoki ki ngā horopaki pāpori, ōhanga, me te tōrangapū e huri haere ana. Nā te hekenga whenua, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero matihiko, me ngā ōhanga o te ao whānui kua hurihia ngā tikanga whanaungatanga tuku iho, ā, kua hangaia he momo hononga whānau me te pāpori hou.
Inaianei, kei te tūhuratia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te pānga o ngā tukanga ā-ao ki te whanaungatanga mā roto i ngā hapori diaspora, ngā whānau ā-ao whānui, me ngā whatunga whanaungatanga matihiko. E whakaatu ana ēnei rangahau i te ngāwari me te manawanui o te whanaungatanga ki te urutau ki ngā wero me ngā whai wāhitanga hou i roto i te ao hurihuri tere.
Opaniraa
He māramatanga nui ngā ariā o te whanaungatanga me ngā pūnaha whānau i roto i te mātauranga tangata ki te kanorau me te uaua o ngā whakahaere pāpori tangata. Mai i ngā ariā whanaketanga o mua ki ngā tirohanga wahine me te ao whānui o nāianei, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā tohunga mātauranga tāngata ngā anga maha hei mārama ki te āhua o te whanaungatanga ki te hanga i ngā tuakiri takitahi, ngā hanganga pāpori, me ngā mahi ahurea.
He kaupapa ako hihiri, he kaupapa ako maha tonu te whanaungatanga, e whakaata ana i te āhua hurihuri tonu o ngā hapori tangata. Mā te tirotiro i te whanaungatanga mā roto i ngā tirohanga ariā rerekē, ka hurahia tonutia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā huarahi uaua e whakarite ai, e whakamārama ai, e whiriwhiri ai hoki ngā tāngata i ō rātou whanaungatanga me ngā hononga pāpori, e whakarei ake ana i tō tātou māramatanga ki te tikanga o te tangata.
