Ngā Ariā o te Whanaketanga Tangata e ai ki te Anthropology
He haerenga whakamīharo te whanaketanga o te tangata e whakaatu ana i te huringa o ngā tūpuna rite ki te makimaki o mua ki te Homo sapiens o ēnei rā. Ko te Anthropology, te rangahau pūtaiao o te tangata, e whakarato ana i tētahi anga mō te mārama ki tēnei tukanga uaua mā roto i ngā ariā maha. Ka whakakotahihia e ēnei ariā ngā kitenga mai i te paleontology, te ira, te whaipara tangata, me te hanganga whakatairite. I konei, ka rukuhia e mātou ngā ariā matua o te whanaketanga o te tangata e ai ki ngā whakaaro o ngā tohunga tātai tangata, ka wetewete i te ara uaua o te whanaketanga o te tangata.
Te Ariā o te Whanaketanga mā te Kōwhiringa Taiao
Nā Charles Darwin i whakatakoto i te rautau 19, ko te ariā o te whanaketanga mā te kōwhiringa taiao he poutokomanawa mō te mārama ki te whanaketanga o te tangata. E kī ana te ariā a Darwin ka whanake ngā momo mā te tukanga kōwhiringa taiao, ka nui ake te kitea o ngā āhuatanga e whakarei ake ana i te oranga me te whakaputa uri i roto i ngā whakatipuranga e whai ake nei.
I roto i te mātauranga tangata, e whakamārama ana tēnei ariā i ngā urutaunga āta kitea i roto i ngā hominin, arā, ō tātou tūpuna o mua. E whakaatu ana ngā tuhinga tawhito i ngā momo whakawhiti maha pērā i a Australopithecus afarensis (“Lucy”) me Homo habilis, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga e whakarato ana i ngā painga oranga. Hei tauira, ko te hikoi takirua (te hikoi i runga i ngā waewae e rua) he urutaunga nui e kitea ana i roto i ngā hominin o mua, e tuku ana i ō rātou ringa ki te whakamahi taputapu me ētahi atu mahi, ā, ka whakapai ake i tō rātou kaha ki te tupu i roto i ngā taiao rerekē.
Te Ariā "I Waho o Āwherika"
Ko te ariā "I waho o Āwherika", e mōhiotia ana ko te tauira takenga mai o Āwherika hou, e kī ana i ahu mai ngā Homo sapiens o ēnei rā i Āwherika, ā, i muri mai ka marara ki ētahi atu wāhi o te ao. E tautokona ana e ngā taunakitanga ira, e kī ana tēnei ariā ka taea e ngā tāngata hou ehara i te Āwherika te whai i ō rātou whakapapa ki tētahi taupori kotahi o ngā Homo sapiens i puta mai i Āwherika i te 200,000 tau ki muri.
He mea nui ngā rangahau DNA mitochondrial ki te tautoko i tēnei ariā. Mā te tirotiro i ngā rerekētanga DNA mitochondrial puta noa i ngā taupori kanorau, kua whai ngā tohunga tātai tangata i ngā whakapapa whaea ki tētahi tūpuna kotahi i Āwherika. E hangai ana tēnei taunakitanga ira ki ngā kitenga whaipara tangata e whakaatu ana i ngā toenga tangata hou o te tinana i Āwherika.
Te Ariā Tonutanga Maha-Rohe
He rerekē ki te ariā "I waho o Āwherika", e kī ana te Ariā Tonutanga Rohe Maha i whanake ngātahi ngā tāngata hou i ngā rohe rerekē o te ao mai i ngā taupori o Homo erectus o te rohe. E ai ki tēnei ariā, nā te rere o ngā ira i waenga i ngā taupori kua wehea ā-whenua i āwhina te haere tonu o ngā momo, me te tuku hoki i ngā urutau ā-rohe kia puta.
E tohu ana ngā kaitautoko o tēnei ariā ki te haere tonu o te āhua o ngā tuhinga o ngā kōiwi tawhito puta noa i ngā rohe rerekē. Hei tauira, ko ētahi āhuatanga i kitea i roto i ngā kōiwi tawhito o te Homo erectus o Āhia, te āhua nei kei te mau tonu i roto i ngā taupori o Āhia ki te Rawhiti o ēnei rā. Ahakoa e whakanui ana tēnei ariā i te whanaketanga ā-rohe, kāore e whakakorekore katoa i te āheinga o te hekenga me te whakatipu uri.
Te Tauira Whakauru
Ko te tauira whakauru, e mōhiotia ana ko te tauira whakaranu-me-te-whakakapinga, e ngana ana ki te whakakī i te āputa i waenga i ngā ariā "Out of Africa" me ngā ariā Multiregional Continuity. E kī ana, ahakoa i ahu mai a Homo sapiens i Awherika, i hono atu rātou ki ngā taupori o te rohe o ngā tāngata tawhito (pērā i ngā Neanderthal i Ūropi me ngā Denisovan i Āhia) i a rātou e heke ana ki ngā rohe hou.
E tautokona ana tēnei ariā e ngā rangahau ira tangata mā te whakaatu i ngā tohu o te DNA Neanderthal me Denisovan i roto i ngā tāngata ehara i te Āwherika o ēnei rā. E whakaatu ana ēnei kitenga ahakoa i whakakapia e te tangata o ēnei rā ngā taupori tawhito, i puta ētahi whakaurunga ira, ā, i whai wāhi atu ki te kanorau ira e kitea ana e tātou i ēnei rā.
Te Mahi a te Hurirangi
He mea nui te huringa āhuarangi i roto i te whanaketanga o te tangata, e awe ana i ngā tauira hekenga, ngā rautaki oranga, me ngā urutaunga ā-tinana. E kī ana te ariā nā ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi rerekē i hanga ngā āputa kanorau o te taiao, ā, nā reira i puta ai ngā huringa whanaketanga.
Hei tauira, ko te nekehanga mai i ngā ngahere matotoru ki ngā savanna tuwhera i Āwherika i pai ake ai te hikoi takirua, nā te mea i taea ai e ngā hominin o mua te haere i ngā tawhiti roa me te kite i ngā kaipahua i ngā whenua tuwhera. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā huringa āhuarangi pea te take i heke ai ngā tāngata ki waho o Āwherika, me te urutau o ngā tāngata ki ngā taiao hou mā roto i ngā auahatanga hangarau me ngā tikanga ahurea.
Te Whanaketanga Ahurea me te Whakaaro Tohu
Haunga te whanaketanga koiora, ka tūhuratia hoki e te mātauranga tangata te whanaketanga ahurea, he mea nui tēnei i roto i te whanaketanga tangata. Ko te whanaketanga ahurea e pā ana ki te tuku mātauranga, ngā whakapono, me ngā mahi puta noa i ngā whakatipuranga, e hanga ana i ngā hapori me ngā whanonga tangata.
Ko te putanga mai o te whakaaro tohu, e whakaaturia ana e ngā toi o mua, ngā kawa, me te reo, he tohu nui tēnei i roto i te whanaketanga o te tangata. Nā te whakaaro tohu i āhei ai ngā tāngata o mua ki te whakaaroaro i ngā ariā āhua-kore, ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero uaua, me te waihanga hononga pāpori. E pā ana tēnei peke hinengaro ki te whanaketanga o ngā taputapu matatau, ngā hanganga pāpori, me ngā tikanga ahurea.
Te Tūranga o te Hurihuri Ira me ngā Pānga o te Kaiwhakaū
Ko te nekehanga ira me ngā pānga whakatū he tukanga ira e pā ana ki ngā taupori iti, motuhake. Ko te nekehanga ira e pā ana ki ngā huringa matapōkere o ngā auau ira i roto i tētahi taupori, ko ngā pānga whakatū ia ka puta ina whakatūria he taupori hou e tētahi tokoiti o ngā tāngata.
I roto i te mātauranga tangata, ka āwhina ēnei tukanga ki te whakamārama i te kanorau ira i kitea i roto i ngā taupori tangata rerekē. Hei tauira, ko te nui haere o ētahi mate ira i roto i ngā taupori motuhake (pērā i te mate Tay-Sachs i roto i ngā Hūrai Ashkenazi) ka taea te kī ko ngā pānga whakatū. Ko te nekehanga ira me ngā pānga whakatū e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o ngā āhuatanga taupori ki te hanga i te whanaketanga o te tangata.
Te Panga o te Neoteny Tangata
Ko te neoteny, arā, te pupuri i ngā āhuatanga o te tamarikitanga tae noa ki te pakeketanga, he āhuatanga motuhake o te whanaketanga o te tangata. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu kararehe, he roa te whanaketanga o te tangata, ā, he roa hoki te wā e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kaitiaki. E kī ana tēnei ariā i taea e te neoteny te whakawhanake i te roro roa e tika ana mō ngā mahi hinengaro uaua me te urutau.
Ka tūhuratia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te awe o te neoteni ki ngā hanganga pāpori o te tangata, ngā āheinga ako, me ngā whanonga mahi tahi. Nā te roa o te tamarikitanga o te tangata i āwhina i te tuku ahurea, i taea ai te kohikohi me te whakapai ake i te mātauranga puta noa i ngā whakatipuranga.
Opaniraa
He kaupapa maha-mātauranga te ako i te whanaketanga o te tangata e raranga ana i ngā miro koiora, ira, keri whenua, me te ahurea hei wetewete i tō tātou hītori onamata. He maha ngā tirohanga a ngā ariā i whakatakotoria e te mātauranga tangata mō tā tātou haerenga whanaketanga, e whakaatu ana i te hononga i waenga i te urutau, te hekenga, te whakatipu uri, me te auahatanga ahurea.
Mai i te ariā taketake o te kōwhiringa taiao ki ngā tauira matatini o te whanaketanga maha-rohe me te whakaurunga ira, ka whai wāhi ia ariā ki tētahi wāhanga o te panga o te whakapapa tangata. I te putanga mai o ngā kitenga me ngā hangarau hou, ka haere tonu te whanaketanga o tō tātou māramatanga ki te whanaketanga tangata, e whakaatu ana i te whatu uaua o tō tātou taonga tuku iho.
