Ko te mātauranga tangata, hei kaupapa e aro ana ki te ako i ngā hapori tangata, ngā ahurea, me ō rātou whanaketanga, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga rangahau hei kohikohi raraunga me ngā māramatanga. Ko te uaua o ngā whanonga tangata, me te nui o te kanorau ahurea, e hiahia ana kia maha ngā taha o te huarahi rangahau. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā momo tikanga rangahau e whakamahia ana i roto i te mātauranga tangata, e whakaatu ana me pēhea te whai wāhi o ēnei tikanga ki te māramatanga hohonu ake o te oranga o te tangata.
### Te Tirotiro a te Kaiuru
Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga matua o te mātauranga tangata, inā koa i roto i te mātauranga tangata ahurea, ko te mātakitaki whai wāhi. Ko tēnei tikanga e uru ana te kairangahau ki roto i tētahi hapori hei mātakitaki me te whai wāhi atu ki āna mahi o ia rā. Ko te whāinga kia whiwhi tirohanga ā-roto mō ngā āhuatanga pāpori, ngā kawa, me ngā tikanga tuku iho o te rōpū e rangahauhia ana.
He maha ngā wā e hono ana te mātakitaki whai wāhi ki te mātauranga iwi, arā, te ako whakaahua taipitopito o tētahi hapori tangata. E kiia ana ko te tohunga mātauranga iwi rongonui a Bronisław Malinowski te tangata nāna i whakatairanga tēnei tikanga i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 i tana mahi i ngā Moutere o Trobriand. Nā te noho i waenganui i ngā Trobrianders, i taea e Malinowski te whakarato i tētahi whakamārama taipitopito mō ō rātou hanganga pāpori me ngā mahi ahurea.
### Ngā Uiuitanga
Ko ngā uiuinga tētahi atu tikanga rangahau matua i roto i te mātauranga tangata. Ka taea ēnei te hanga, te hanga-haurua, te kore hanga rānei, i runga i ngā whāinga rangahau. Ka whai ngā uiuinga hanga i tētahi pātai tino pakari, kia taea ai te whakataurite i waenga i ngā kaiwhakautu rerekē. Ka tukuna e ngā uiuinga hanga-haurua he taurite, me tētahi anga ārahi e āhei ai te rerekētanga i runga i ngā whakautu a te kaiwhakautu. He ngāwari ake ngā uiuinga kore hanga, he rite ki tētahi kōrerorero maori, ā, he pai mō te tūhura i ngā āhuatanga ahurea uaua, kua tino piripono.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā uiuinga hītori ora hei kohikohi i ngā kōrero whaiaro e whakamārama ana i ngā tauira pāpori me ngā tauira ahurea whānui. Ka taea e ēnei kōrero te whakaatu i te huarahi e whakatere ai te tangata i ō rātou ao pāpori, e urutau ai ki ngā huringa, me te mārama ki ō rātou wheako.
### Ngā Rangahau
Ahakoa he nui ake te hononga ki te hapori pāpori, ka whakamahia hoki ngā rangahau i roto i te mātauranga tangata hei kohikohi raraunga tauanga. He tino whai hua ngā rangahau i roto i ngā rangahau nui, ko te whāinga he whakawhanui i ngā kitenga puta noa i te taupori whānui. Ka taea e rātou te āwhina i ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki te kohikohi raraunga mō ngā kaupapa pēnei i ngā mahi ōhanga, ngā mahi hauora, ngā whatunga pāpori rānei.
Ka taea te whakahaere i ngā rangahau kanohi ki te kanohi, mā te waea, mā te ipurangi rānei, he rerekē ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga. Me āta whakaaroaro te hoahoa o te rangahau—ngā pātai, te whakatakotoranga, me te tuku—kia tika ai, kia pono ai hoki.
### Rangahau Pūranga
Ko te rangahau pūranga he tirotiro i ngā tuhinga me ngā tuhinga hītori hei mārama ki ngā wheako o mua o te tangata. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga i ngā wā, i ngā horopaki rānei kāore e taea te tirotiro tika. Ko ngā rauemi pūranga ka uru atu ki ngā tuhinga, ngā whakaahua, ngā mapi, me ngā taonga tuku iho.
Hei tauira, ka ruku pea ngā tohunga tātai tangata hītori ki ngā pūranga koroni kia mārama ai ki te pānga o te mana koroni ki ngā taupori taketake. Mā te ako i ēnei tuhinga, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te whakakotahi i ngā kōrero hītori kua ngaro pea.
### Tikanga Whakataurite
Ko te tikanga whakatairite te mea nui ki ngā rangahau maha mō te tangata. Mā te whakatairite i ngā ahurea, ngā hapori, ngā āhuatanga pāpori rānei, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te tautuhi i ngā tauira me ngā rerekētanga e whakamārama ana i te whānui, i te motuhaketanga rānei o ngā wheako tangata. Ka taea e tēnei tikanga te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga ōrite me ngā rerekētanga i roto i ngā wāhanga pērā i ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga, ngā mahi whakapono, ngā whakahaere tōrangapū rānei.
Mā ngā whakataurite ahurea-maha ka taea te whakarato i te māramatanga hohonu ake mō te āhua o te taiao, te hītori, me ngā hanganga pāpori e hangai ai ngā mahi ahurea. Hei tauira, ka whakataurite pea ngā tohunga tātai tangata i ngā hapori kaiwhaiwhai-kohi i roto i ngā taiao rauropi rerekē hei tautuhi i te awe o ngā āhuatanga taiao ki te whakaritenga pāpori.
### Te Anthropology Ataata
Ka whakamahia e te mātauranga tirohanga tangata te whakaahua, te kiriata, me ētahi atu pāpāho tirohanga hei taputapu tikanga, hei momo raraunga hoki. Mā tēnei tikanga ka taea te tuhi i ngā mahi ahurea e uaua ana ki te hopu mā roto i ngā whakaahuatanga tuhituhi anake. Ka taea e ngā pāpāho tirohanga te whakaatu i ngā āhua ataahua, ngā kare ā-roto, me ngā hihiri o ngā taunekeneke tangata i roto i ngā huarahi kaha.
Kua noho ko ngā kiriata ahurea iwi hei wāhanga nui o te mātauranga tangata tirohanga. Mā ēnei ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata te whakaatu i ā rātou kitenga ki ngā hunga mātakitaki mātauranga me ngā hunga ehara i te hunga mātakitaki mātauranga. Ka ara ake hoki ngā pātai mō te whakaaturanga me ngā tikanga matatika o te hopu me te whakaatu i ngā oranga o te tangata.
### Te Anthropology Whaihua
Ko te mātauranga tangata whaihua e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga me ngā māramatanga mātauranga tangata hei aro atu ki ngā raruraru o te ao tūturu. He maha ngā wā ka uru atu tēnei wāhanga iti ki te mahi tahi me ngā hapori, ngā whakahaere, ngā kāwanatanga rānei hei whakawhanake i ngā otinga whai hua mō ngā take pēnei i te kore taurite o te hauora, te mātauranga, te whanaketanga ōhanga rānei.
He huarahi noa te rangahau mahi whai wāhi (PAR) i roto i te mātauranga tangata whai pānga. I roto i te PAR, ka mahi tahi ngā kairangahau me ngā mema o te hapori ki te tautuhi i ngā raruraru, ki te whakawhanake i ngā wawaotanga, me te aromatawai i ngā putanga. Ehara i te mea ka puta noa i tēnei tukanga mahi tahi ngā otinga e tika ana, e pumau ana hoki, engari ka whakamanahia hoki ngā hapori mā te whakauru i a rātou ki te tukanga rangahau.
### Whakaaro Matatika
Ko ngā tikanga matatika te tūāpapa o te rangahau matatika tangata. Me whakatere ngā tohunga matatika tangata i ngā whenua matatika uaua, me te whakarite kia whakautehia e ā rātou rangahau te mana, ngā tika, me te mana motuhake o te hunga e akohia ana e rātou. Ko te whakaae whai muri, te noho muna, me te karo i te kino ngā mātāpono matua e ārahi ana i te mahi rangahau matatika.
E whakarato ana te American Anthropological Association (AAA) i ngā aratohu matatika e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te māramatanga, te whakaute, me te kawenga. E akiakihia ana ngā tohunga tātai tangata kia whakaaroaro ki ō rātou tūranga me ngā pānga pea o ā rātou mahi ki ngā hapori e whai wāhi ana.
### Whakamutunga
Ko ngā tikanga kanorau e whakamahia ana i roto i te mātauranga tangata e whakaata ana i te whakapau kaha o te kaupapa ki te mārama ki te whānuitanga katoa o ngā wheako tangata. Mai i te mātakitaki me ngā uiuinga a te hunga whai wāhi ki ngā rangahau me ngā rangahau pūranga, ka tukuna e ia tikanga he māramatanga ahurei, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki te whānuitanga o ngā mātauranga mātauranga tangata.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā momo tikanga rangahau, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te tūhura i ngā uauatanga o ngā hapori tangata, te hura i ngā tauira me ngā rerekētanga, me te whakamahi i ā rātou kitenga hei aro atu ki ngā take o nāianei. Mā te whakamahinga matatika o ēnei tikanga ka noho whakaute, ka whai tikanga, ka whai pānga hoki te rangahau tātai tangata, ka whai wāhi atu ki te māramatanga hohonu ake mō te tikanga o te tangata.
