Taitara: Te Ariā o te Ira Tangata i roto i ngā Akoranga Tangata Whenua
Kua roa te ariā o te ira tangata e miharo ana ki ngā tohunga tātai tangata me ngā kaipūtaiao pāpori, e ruku hohonu ana ki roto i ōna āhuatanga kia mārama ai ngā paparanga uaua o ngā hapori tangata. Ko te ira tangata, he rerekē i te ira tangata koiora, he hanganga pāpori e kapi ana i ngā tūranga, ngā whanonga, ngā mahi, me ngā āhuatanga e whakaarohia ana e tētahi hapori he tika mō ngā tāne me ngā wāhine. He mahi nui tā ngā rangahau tātai tangata ki te wetewete i ēnei hanganga, te tūhura i te tirohanga me te mahi a ngā ahurea rerekē i te ira tangata, me te whai wāhi atu ki te kōrero whānui mō te tuakiri ira tangata me te whakapuakitanga.
Te Mārama ki te Ira Tangata: He Nui Atu i te Rua
Mā te rangahau ā-iwi ka whānui ake te māramatanga o te ira tangata ki tua atu i te anga takirua tuku iho o te tāne me te wahine. He whānui ake ngā tuakiri ira tangata o ngā ahurea puta noa i te ao i tua atu i tēnei takirua. Hei tauira, he maha ngā iwi taketake o Amerika Te Raki e mōhio ana ki ngā tuakiri ira tangata ehara i te takirua, e kiia ana ko ngā tāngata Wairua-Rua. Waihoki, ko ngā hijra i Āhia ki te Tonga me ngā fa'afafine i Hāmoa he momo ira tangata motuhake ehara i te tāne, ehara hoki i te wahine.
Ko te mōhio ki ēnei tuakiri ira tangata kanorau ka wero i te ariā rua, ā, ka whakaatu i te motuhaketanga ahurea o ngā hanganga ira tangata. Ka tātarihia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te whakaurunga o ēnei tuakiri ki roto i ngā hanganga hapori, ngā mahi kawa, me ngā taunekeneke o ia rā, me te whakanui ehara te ira tangata i te mea pumau ā-ao engari he kāwai rere me te hihiri i hangaia e ngā horopaki ahurea motuhake.
Te Huinga o te Ira Tangata me te Mana
Kāore e taea te wehe i te ako i te ira tangata i roto i te mātauranga tangata mai i ngā kōrero mō ngā āhuatanga mana. Ko ngā tūranga ira tangata te mea e whakatau ana i te urunga atu o te tangata ki ngā rauemi, te mana tōrangapū, me te mana pāpori. I roto i ngā tau kua pahure ake nei, kua awe te mana tāne me te wahine—he pūnaha e pupuri ana te hunga mangere i te mana matua—i ngā hapori maha, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakahekehia ngā wāhine me ngā tāngata takitahi ki ngā tūranga iti iho.
Ka rangahauhia e ngā rangahau tangata-ā-iwi ēnei taurite kore mana me ō rātou whakaaturanga i roto i ngā horopaki ahurea rerekē. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā hapori Āwherika maha, kua tino whakarerekētia e te koroni me ōna taonga tuku iho ngā tūranga ira tangata me ngā hanganga mana o mua. Mā te tuhi i te pehitanga, te whakarerekētanga rānei o ngā pūnaha whaea, ngā whanaungatanga ira tangata ōrite rānei, ka taea e ngā tohunga tangata-ā-iwi te whakamārama i ngā pānga roa o ngā awe o waho ki ngā whanaketanga ira tangata.
Waihoki, ko ngā rangahau ira tangata i roto i te mātauranga tangata e whai ana ki te whakaatu i ngā wā e hurihia ana ngā hanganga mana tuku iho. I roto i ētahi hapori māra, he mahi nui tā ngā wāhine ki ngā kawa, he whakahaere rānei i ngā rauemi ōhanga nui, ā, ka nui ake te mana me te awe o aua hononga. Mā te tirotiro i ēnei horopaki ka āwhina i te whakaatu i te āhua uaua me te kanorau o ngā whanaungatanga mana ira tangata puta noa i te ao.
Ngā Tikanga, Ngā Tikanga Whakawhiti, me te Tuakiri Ira Tangata
He tirohanga nui ngā kawa me ngā tikanga whakawhiti e tūhuratia ana e ngā tohunga tātai tangata. He tohu ēnei hui mō ngā whakawhiti o te mana pāpori, ā, e whakakaha ana hoki i ngā tūranga me ngā tuakiri ira tangata e pā ana ki te ahurea.
Hei tauira, i roto i te nuinga o ngā ahurea taketake o Ahitereiria, ko ngā kawa whakauru he tohu i te nekehanga o ngā tama tāne ki te pakeketanga, e uru ana ki ngā whakamātautau o te kaha, te manawanui, me te mātauranga. Ko ēnei kawa he whakatinana i ngā tūranga me ngā kawenga motuhake o te ira tangata. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā kawa whakawhānau i roto i ētahi iwi taketake o Amerika ki te Tonga ka whakaatu pea i te tūranga matua o ngā wāhine i roto i te haere tonu o te hapori me te oranga wairua.
E whakaatu ana ēnei mahi i te āhua o te whakaata me te whakapūmau i ngā tūranga ira tangata i roto i te hapori. Heoi anō, ka tirohia anō hoki e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te huarahi e whakatere ai te tangata, ā, i ētahi wā ka ātete ki ēnei tūranga hanganga, me te whai kia hangaia he wāhi e hāngai ana ki ō rātou tuakiri whaiaro.
Te Ira Tangata me te Tohu i roto i te Ahurea Rauemi
Ko te ahurea rauemi—ngā taonga, ngā taonga tuku iho, me ngā wāhi—e whakaatu ana, e whakapuaki ana hoki i ngā tikanga ira tangata i roto i te hapori. Ka tirotirohia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te whakaurunga o te tohu ira tangata ki roto i ngā taputapu o ia rā, ngā kākahu, me ngā hoahoanga whare kia mārama ai te hanganga me te whakaaturanga o te ira tangata.
Whakaarohia te wehewehenga o te mahi me te wāhi i roto i ngā whare tuku iho o Hapanihi, e tohua ana ngā rūma me ngā taputapu motuhake mō ngā tāne, mō ngā wāhine rānei. Ko te rūma tatami, e whakamahia ana mō ngā huihuinga whānau me ngā kawa, tera pea e whakaata ana i te mana o te tāne, ko te kīhini ia, me ōna taputapu me ngā taonga motuhake, e tohu ana i te tūranga o ngā wāhine i roto i te whare. Ko ēnei rerekētanga rauemi e whakakaha ana i ngā tikanga me ngā tumanakohanga o te hapori mō te ira tangata.
Heoi anō, ka tātarihia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te whakarerekētanga o ēnei whakaaturanga ā-tinana o te ira tangata e te ao whānui me ngā whanaketanga hangarau. Ko te taenga mai o ngā taonga hanga-papatipu me ngā wāhi matihiko ka tuku wāhi hou mō te whakapuaki me te whiriwhiri i ngā tuakiri ira tangata, te wero i ngā whakapono tuku iho me te whakatairanga i ngā whakamāramatanga rerehua.
Te Whakaoho me te Tautoko i te Ira Tangata
Ko te tūranga o ngā tohunga tātai tangata kei tua atu i te ako mātauranga ki te whai wāhi kaha ki te tautoko i te ira tangata me te mahi whakaohooho. Mā te tuhi me te mārama ki ngā wheako ira tangata kanorau, ka whakawhiwhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā māramatanga whai hua ki ngā kōrero mō ngā tika tangata, ngā whakahoutanga ture, me ngā kaupapa tika pāpori.
Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata e mahi tahi ana me ngā rōpū ira tangata e noho tahaetia ana te whakapuaki i ō rātou pakanga me te manawanui ki te hunga whānui, me te whakatairanga i te aroha me te tautoko. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, he mea nui te rangahau tātai tangata ki te whakatairanga i ngā kaupapa here me ngā mahi ōritetanga ira tangata, ahakoa i roto i te mātauranga, te hauora, ngā taiao mahi rānei.
Ko te mahi a te hunga mātai tangata ko te mahi tahi me ngā hapori ki te aro atu ki te tutu me te whakahāwea i runga i te ira tangata. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rangahau whakauru, ka whakauru ngā tohunga tātai tangata i ngā reo o te rohe ki te tito i ngā wawaotanga e tika ana mō te ahurea hei whakamana i ngā tāngata takitahi me te whakatairanga i te tika mō te ira tangata.
Ngā Huarahi ā-Mārama mō te Anthropology Ira Tangata
Kei te aro tonu te mara whanaketanga o te mātauranga tangata ira tangata ki ngā wero o nāianei, me te whakawhānui ake i ngā tirohanga ariā. Ko tētahi wāhanga nui ko te hononga o te ira tangata me ētahi atu kāwai pāpori pēnei i te iwi, te karaehe, te iwi taketake, me te moepuku. Ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, he ariā i rongonuihia e Kimberlé Crenshaw, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te tirotiro i te hononga o ngā tuakiri maha hei hanga i ngā wheako ahurei o te mana me te tukino.
Kei te tūhura haere ngā tohunga tātai tangata i te hononga o ngā āhuatanga o te ao—te hekenga mai, te huringa āhuarangi, me te hononga matihiko—ki ngā whanaketanga ira tangata. Hei tauira, he nui te pānga o te huringa āhuarangi ki ngā wāhine i roto i ngā rohe whakawhanake maha nā ō rātou tūranga i roto i te ahuwhenua me te kohikohi wai. Ko te mārama ki ēnei hononga te mea nui ki te whakawhanake i ngā urupare pakari me te tika.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te putanga mai o te mātauranga tangata matihiko ka whakatuwhera i ngā rohe hou mō te ako i te ira tangata. Mā ngā pāpāho pāpori, ngā ao mariko, me ngā hapori ipurangi ka whakaratohia he tūāpapa mō ngā whakaaturanga ira tangata kanorau, ka whakatairanga i ngā momo tuakiri hou me te mahi whakaohooho. Me whakarerekē e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ā rātou tikanga ki te whakatere i ēnei wāhi mariko me te hopu i te tirohanga whanake o te ira tangata i te ao matihiko.
Opaniraa
He maha ngā āhuatanga o te ira tangata i roto i ngā rangahau tātai tangata, ā, he kaupapa hihiri hoki e hipa ana i te whakarōpūtanga ngāwari noa iho. Mā te tirotiro i ngā horopaki ahurea rerekē, ngā hanganga mana, ngā kawa, ngā ahurea rauemi, me ngā nekehanga kaiwhakahau, ka hurahia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te whānuitanga o ngā tuakiri ira tangata me ngā whanaungatanga e hanga ana i te wheako tangata. Mā te mahi pera, ka whai wāhi atu rātou ki te mātauranga mātauranga engari ki tētahi ao whānui ake, ā, ki tētahi ao taurite ake.
