Te Mārama ki te Hapori: Te Tirohanga Tangata Whenua
Ko te mātauranga tangata, te ako whānui me te whakataurite i te tangata, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga ahurei ki te hanganga uaua o ngā hapori tangata. Nā tōna whānuitanga tikanga me te hohonutanga ahurea, he mea nui te mātauranga tangata ki te wetewete i ngā uauatanga o ngā whanonga tangata, ngā hanganga pāpori, me ngā tikanga ahurea. E tūhuratia ana e tēnei tuhinga te āwhina a te mātauranga tangata ki te mārama ki te hapori, me te whakaatu i tana huarahi maha ki te tātari i te oranga tangata.
Te Horopaki Hītori me te Whanaketanga o te Anthropology
I puta ake te mātauranga tangata hei kaupapa mātauranga i te mutunga o te rautau 19 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20. I te tīmatanga, i aro nui ki te hanga anō i te hītori tangata mā te tirohanga a te whanaketanga ahurea. I whai ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata o mua pērā i a Lewis Henry Morgan rāua ko EB Tylor ki te whakarōpū i ngā hapori i runga i te whānuitanga mai i te 'mohoao' ki te 'matatini'. Ahakoa e kiia ana i nāianei he kaupapa iwi taketake, nā tēnei huarahi i whakatakoto te turanga mō ngā tikanga matatini ake.
Kua whanake haere te mara, ā, kua awhi i te whanaungatanga ahurea, he ariā i tautokona e Franz Boas, e kī ana kāore e taea te whakarōpū i ngā ahurea i runga i te hierarki engari me mārama ki ā rātou ake tikanga. He mea nui tēnei panoni tauira ki te whakatairanga i te māramatanga aroha me te whānui ake o ngā hapori kanorau.
Te Anthropology Ahurea me āna Takoha
Ko te kaupapa mātauranga ahurea e aro ana ki ngā huarahi e mārama ai te tangata ki te ao e karapoti ana i a rātou. Mā te mātauranga iwi, arā, te ako hohonu i ngā tāngata i roto i ō rātou taiao, ka taea tēnei. Mā te mātauranga iwi ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga iwi te kohikohi raraunga taipitopito, whai kiko hoki, e whakaatu ana i ngā huarahi uaua e hangaia ai e te ahurea ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā hapori.
Te Mārama ki ngā Whare Pāpori
Ko tētahi huarahi matua e āwhina ai te mātauranga tangata ki te mārama ki te hapori ko te tirotiro i ngā umanga pāpori pēnei i te whānau, te whakapono, te mātauranga, me te kāwanatanga. Mā te ako i ēnei umanga whakawhiti-ahurea, ka tautuhia e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ngā huānga whānui me ngā āhuatanga ahurea. Hei tauira, ahakoa he umanga whānui te whānau, he rerekē rawa tōna hanganga me tana mahi. I ētahi ahurea, ko ngā whānau whānui e noho tahi ana te mea noa, i ētahi atu, ko ngā whānau matua te mea nui. Mā ēnei māramatanga ka āwhina i te maioha ki te kanorau o ngā whakahaere pāpori tangata.
Te Wetewete i ngā Pūnaha Tohu
Ka rukuhia hoki e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā pūnaha tohu, tae atu ki te reo, ngā kawa, me ngā pūrākau, he mea nui ēnei ki te hanga i ngā tikanga me ngā uara o te hapori. Ko te ariā a Clifford Geertz mō te "whakaahuatanga matotoru" e whakaatu ana i tēnei huarahi, e akiaki ana i te whakamaoritanga o ngā tohu ahurea i roto i te hohonutanga o ō rātou horopaki. Mā te mārama ki ēnei tohu, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te wetewete i ngā uara me ngā whakapono e herea ana te hapori.
Te Anthropology Hapori me ngā Ngākau o te Mana
Ko te kaupapa o te mātauranga tangata pāpori e aro ana ki ngā mahi pāpori me ō rātou pānga ki te mana me te kore taurite. E tirotiro ana i te hanganga me te pupuri i ngā kaupapa whakarōpū pāpori. Ko ētahi o ngā takoha nui ki tēnei wāhanga ko te ariā o te āhua o te tangata a Pierre Bourdieu me te tātaritanga o ngā whanaungatanga mana a Michel Foucault. E whakamārama ana ēnei ariā i te āhua o te hanganga o ngā hanganga pāpori i ngā whanonga takitahi, me te hurihanga.
Te Tauritekore o te Hapori-Ōhanga
Mā te mātauranga tangata ka taea te mārama ki ngā pūtake me ngā whakaaturanga o te kore taurite ā-pāpori. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau iwi i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē te hononga o ngā rerekētanga ōhanga me ētahi atu momo whakarōpūtanga pāpori, pērā i te iwi, te ira tangata, me te iwi taketake. Mā te tuhi i ēnei hononga, ka whai wāhi ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki ngā wawaotanga kaupapa here whai hua ake e aro ana ki te whakaiti i te kore taurite.
Ngā Hanganga Tōrangapū me te Whakahaere
Ko te mārama ki ngā hanganga tōrangapū me te kāwanatanga mā te tirohanga ā-iwi, ko te titiro ki ngā umanga ōkawa me ngā mahi ōkawa. Mai i te hanganga kāwanatanga ki te kāwanatanga ā-rohe, ka tūhuratia e ngā tohunga mātauranga ā-iwi te whiriwhiringa me te whakamahi i te mana. He tino whai hua tēnei huarahi i roto i ngā mahi whakatau pakanga me te hanga rangimārie, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ā-rohe me ngā whanaungatanga mana.
Te Anthropology Hauora me te Hauora
E whakaatu ana te mātauranga tangata hauora i te pānga o ngā whakapono me ngā mahi ahurea ki te hauora me te oranga. E tirotiro ana tēnei wāhanga iti i te hononga i waenga i te koiora, te taiao, me te ahurea hei hanga i ngā whanonga hauora me ngā putanga.
Ngā Pūnaha me ngā Mahi Hauora
Mā te ako i ngā pūnaha hauora tuku iho me ngā pūnaha hauora hou, ka whakakitea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata hauora ngā horopaki ahurea o ngā mahi hauora. Hei tauira, i roto i ētahi ahurea, he whānui te whakamahinga o ngā kaiwhakaora tuku iho, ā, e noho tahi ana me ngā mahi hauora hou. Mā te mārama ki ēnei pūnaha ka āwhina i te hoahoa i ngā wawaotanga hauora e aro nui ana ki ngā ahurea, e nui ake ai te whakaaetia me te whai hua.
Nga wawaotanga Hauora a-iwi
He mahi nui tā ngā tohunga tātai tangata i roto i te hauora tūmatanui mā te whakarite kia whai whakaaro ngā wawaotanga ki ngā horopaki ahurea. Hei tauira, i te wā o te pakarutanga o te Ebola i Āwherika ki te Hauāuru, i āwhina ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te hoahoa i ngā rautaki whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e pārekareka ana ki ngā taupori o te rohe, ā, nā reira i whakapai ake ai i te whai huatanga o ngā mahi hauora.
Te Whakamahinga Antropology me te Huringa Papori
Ka whakamahia e te mātauranga tangata whaihua ngā tikanga me ngā ariā mātauranga tangata hei aro atu ki ngā raruraru o te ao tūturu. He mea nui tēnei tono mahi i roto i ngā wāhanga pēnei i te whanaketanga, te mātauranga, me ngā tika tangata.
Kaupapa Whakawhanake
I roto i ngā kaupapa whanaketanga, ka mahi ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te whakarite kia tika ngā kaupapa ki te ahurea me te pumau. Ka whakahaerehia e rātou ngā aromatawai matea, ka mahi tahi me ngā hapori o te rohe, ā, ka aromatawai i te pānga o ngā wawaotanga. Ka āwhina tēnei tukanga ki te waihanga i ngā kaupapa e whai hua ana, e whakaute ana hoki i ngā ahurea o te rohe.
Ngā Tika Tangata me te Tautoko
Ka tautoko ngā tohunga tātai tangata i ngā hapori e noho tahaetia ana mā te tuhi i ngā takahi i ngā tika tangata me te whakaara ake i te mōhiotanga mō ngā hē pāpori. He maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki tā rātou mahi te mahi tahi me ngā whakahaere taketake hei whakamana i ngā hapori me te whai mana ki ngā huringa kaupapa here.
Whakamutunga: Te Tirohanga Tangata
Hei whakamutunga, he taputapu whānui te mātauranga mō te mātauranga tangata hei mārama ki te hapori. Mā te aro nui ki te whanaungatanga ahurea, te rangahau hohonu mō ngā momo tangata, me te whakataurite ahurea, ka taea te tātari taipitopito i ngā umanga pāpori, ngā pūnaha tohu, ngā hihiri mana, ngā mahi hauora, me ngā wawaotanga kua whakamahia.
He mea tino nui te tirohanga ā-iwi i roto i tēnei ao whānui, e mea nui ana te mārama me te maioha ki te kanorau ahurea hei whakatairanga i te kotahitanga pāpori me te aro atu ki ngā wero o te ao. Mā te whakamārama i ngā huarahi maha e whakarite ai te tangata i ō rātou oranga me te whakakī i aua huarahi ki te tikanga, ka hohonu ake te māramatanga o te ā-iwi ki te tikanga o te noho hei wāhanga o te hapori.
I te whanaketanga tonu o ngā hapori, ka noho tonu ngā māramatanga e whakaratohia ana e te mātauranga mātauranga tangata hei whakatere i ngā uauatanga o te oranga tangata, hei whakatairanga i te tika pāpori, me te whakarei ake i te oranga o ngā hapori puta noa i te ao.
