Te Hītori o te Whanaketanga o te Anthropology hei Pūtaiao
He roa, he uaua hoki te hītori o te mātauranga tangata, he kaupapa pūtaiao e aro ana ki te ako i te tangata i roto i ōna āhuatanga katoa. Ko tōna whanaketanga e tohuhia ana e te raupapa o ngā panoni tauira, ngā whanaketanga tikanga, me ngā tirohanga hurihuri mō te tikanga o te tangata. Ka tirotirohia e tēnei tuhinga te hītori o te mātauranga tangata, me te whakaatu i ōna wā whakahirahira, ōna tūāpapa, me ngā whakaaro whakarerekē.
Ngā Pūtake me ngā Pūtake o Mua
Ka taea e te whakaaro ā-iwi te whai i ōna pūtake mai i ngā iwi onamata, i te wā i rapu ai ngā tohunga whakaaro me ngā kaituhi hītori pērā i a Herodotus rāua ko Ibn Khaldun ki te mārama ki ngā hapori tangata me te kanorau ahurea. I Kariki onamata, ko ngā rangahau a Herodotus ki ngā ahurea rerekē i whakatakoto i te turanga mō te rangahau ā-iwi. Waihoki, i whakaarohia e Ibn Khaldun, he kaimātai whakaaro o Āwherika ki te Raki o te rautau 14, ngā ariā mō te hononga hapori me ngā whanaketanga hītori e hono ana ki ngā whakaaro ā-iwi o ēnei rā.
Heoi, kāore i roto i ēnei mahi tōmua he tikanga pūnaha me te anga whakatairite i muri mai hei tautuhi i te mātauranga tangata hei pūtaiao. I te wā o te Māramatanga i te rautau 18 i tohuhia he panonitanga nui, i te mea ka tīmata ngā tohunga hinengaro o Ūropi, tae atu ki ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, me Immanuel Kant, ki te whai wāhi ki te ako pūnaha o te āhua tangata, te hapori, me te ahurea. I whakanuia e tēnei wā te whakaaro nui, te tirotiro ā-wheako, me te uiuinga arohaehae, e whakatakoto ana i te turanga mō te mātauranga tangata hei mahi pūtaiao.
Te Whānautanga o te Anthropology hei Kaupapa
I te rautau 19 i kitea te putanga mai o te mātauranga tangata hei kaupapa mātauranga motuhake. I kitea tēnei wā i te pikinga ake o te hiahia ki te mārama ki ngā hapori ehara i te Pākehā, i ahu mai i ngā horapa o te koroni me ngā tūtakitanga ki ngā ahurea kanorau. He maha ngā wā i mahi ai ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata o tēnei wā i roto i ngā mahi a ngā kāwanatanga koroni, i te ako i ngā taupori taketake hei āwhina i te kāwanatanga.
Ko tētahi o ngā tino tangata i roto i te whanaketanga o te mātauranga tangata ko Tā Edward Burnett Tylor, he tohunga mātauranga tangata Ingarihi e kiia ana ko ia te matua o te mātauranga tangata ahurea. Ko tana mahi nui, "Primitive Culture" (1871), i whakauru i te ariā o te ahurea hei wāhanga matatini e kapi ana i te mātauranga, ngā whakapono, ngā toi, ngā matatika, te ture, ngā tikanga, me ētahi atu āheinga i riro i te tangata hei mema o te hapori. Ko te tikanga whakatairite a Tylor me tana anga whanaketanga, i kī ai i ahu whakamua ngā hapori mai i ngā wāhanga "tūturu" ki ngā wāhanga "māori", i tino awe i te kaupapa.
Ko tētahi atu tino tangata ko Lewis Henry Morgan, he tohunga tātai tangata o Amerika i mahi i ngā mahi tātai tangata whānui i waenga i ngā iwi taketake o Amerika. Nā tana pukapuka "Ancient Society" (1877) i whakauru te wehenga o te whanaketanga pāpori ki ngā wāhanga e toru: te nanakia, te tutu, me te ao tūroa. Ahakoa te āhua ahu whakamua me te nuinga o te wā e aro ana ki te iwi o ēnei whakarōpūtanga, i whakatakoto ngā mahi a Morgan i ngā turanga nui mō ngā ariā tātai tangata o muri mai.
Te Huringa Pōhia me te Aranga Ake o te Whakawhanaungatanga Ahurea
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i tohuhia he wā whakarerekētanga i roto i te mātauranga tangata, i arahina e Franz Boas, he tohunga mātauranga tangata nō Tiamana, ā, i noho hei pou matua i roto i te mātauranga tangata o Amerika. I kaha whakahē a Boas i ngā tauira whanaketanga kotahi-rārangi a Tylor rāua ko Morgan, me te tautoko i te whanaungatanga ahurea me te motuhaketanga hītori. I tautohe ia he ahurei ia ahurea, he mea hanga e ōna ake āhuatanga hītori me te taiao, ā, me ako i runga i ōna ake tikanga kaua i roto i te anga whanaketanga Eurocentric.
I whakanui a Boas i te hiranga o te mahi mara me te tirotiro ā-wheako, me te akiaki i ngā tohunga tātai tangata kia rukuhia rātou ki roto i ngā ahurea i akohia e rātou. Nā tana tohe ki te kohikohi raraunga pakari me tana whakahē i te whakatau iwi i puta ai he pakari pūtaiao me te taha matatika ki te tātai tangata. Ko ngā ākonga a Boas, tae atu ki a Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, me Alfred Kroeber, i whakawhanake me te rongonui i ana whakaaro, ā, i whakatūria he taonga tuku iho pumau i roto i te kaupapa.
Hanganga me te Mahi
I waenganui o te rautau 20 ka kitea te aranga ake o ngā huarahi ariā hou i roto i te mātauranga tangata. Ko te hanganga, i tīmatahia e te tohunga mātauranga tangata Wīwī a Claude Lévi-Strauss, i whai kia hurahia ngā hanganga matua o te whakaaro me te ahurea tangata. I tautohe a Lévi-Strauss ahakoa te kanorau o te mata o ngā ahurea tangata, he rite tonu ngā hanganga hohonu e ahu mai ana i te hinengaro tangata. Ko tana mahi mō te pūrākau, te whanaungatanga, me ngā whakahē rua e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga whānui o te mōhiotanga me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te tangata.
I taua wā anō, ka puta te mahi ā-tinana hei tauira matua, inā koa nā roto i ngā mahi a Bronisław Malinowski rāua ko Alfred Radcliffe-Brown. Ka arotahi te mahi ā-tinana ki te mārama ki ngā mahi me ngā tūranga o ngā mahi ahurea me ngā umanga i roto i te hapori. Nā ngā mahi ā-rohe a Malinowski i ngā Moutere o Trobriand me tana ariā o te mātakitaki whai wāhi i whakatakoto he paerewa hou mō te rangahau ahurea, me te whakanui i te hiahia o te noho i roto i te hapori kia whiwhi ai i te māramatanga whānui ki tōna ahurea.
Te Huringa o Muri i te Ao Hou
I te haurua whakamutunga o te rautau 20 i kitea he panonitanga tauira i awehia e te whakaaro o muri mai i te ao hou. I tīmata ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te pātai i te koretake me te mana o tā rātou ake kaupapa, me te mōhio ki te awe o ngā hihiri mana, te whakaaturanga, me te takitahi i roto i ngā mahi tātai tangata. I karangahia e te kaupapa "ahurea tuhituhi", i arahina e ngā tohunga pērā i a James Clifford rāua ko George Marcus, te whakaaroaro me te mōhio ki a ia anō i roto i te tuhituhi tātai tangata, me te whakanui i te hiahia ki te whakaaro ki te tūranga o te kairangahau me te āhua hanga o ngā kōrero tātai tangata.
Heoi anō, i whakahēngia e ngā tāngata pēnei i a Sherry Ortner rāua ko Gayle Rubin te whakaaro tāne-arotahi i roto i ngā rangahau me ngā ariā tāne-arotahi. I whakanuia e ngā tohunga tāne-arotahi tāne-arotahi te hiranga o te ira tangata hei wāhanga taketake o te hanganga pāpori me te tikanga ahurea, ā, i huaki ai ngā huarahi hou mō te mārama ki ngā whanaungatanga mana me te tuakiri.
Ngā Auahatanga o Nāianei me ngā Huarahi Whakawhitiwhiti Matauranga
Ko te mātauranga tangata i te rautau 21 e tohuhia ana e tōna āhua whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga me tōna whai wāhi ki ngā take o te ao. Kei te piki haere te mahi tahi a ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata me ngā tohunga mai i ngā mara pēnei i te pāpori, te hītori, te reo, me te koiora, e whakarei ake ana i ā rātou tātaritanga me ngā tirohanga kanorau. Nā te taenga mai o te hangarau matihiko me te ao whānui kua whānui ake te whānuitanga o te rangahau mātauranga tangata, e āhei ai ngā kairangahau ki te tūhura i ngā hapori mariko, ngā whatunga ā-ao, me te pānga o ngā pāpāho matihiko ki ngā mahi ahurea.
E aro nui ana ngā tohunga tātai tangata o ēnei rā ki ngā take nui pēnei i te huringa āhuarangi, te hekenga tangata, ngā rerekētanga hauora, me te tika pāpori. E whai ana rātou ki te whakamahi i ō rātou māramatanga tātai tangata hei aro atu ki ngā raruraru o te ao tūturu, hei tautoko i te hunga e noho pōrearea ana, hei whai wāhi atu hoki ki ngā tautohetohe kaupapa here. Ko tēnei taha mahi o te tātai tangata e whakaatu ana i tōna hiranga pumau me tōna whakapau kaha ki te mārama me te whakapai ake i te āhua o te tangata.
Opaniraa
Ko te hītori o te mātauranga tangata hei pūtaiao e whakaata ana i tōna āhua hihiri me te whanake haere, i hangaia e ngā iahiko hinengaro, ngā auahatanga tikanga, me ngā horopaki pāpori e huri haere ana. Mai i ōna pūtake whakaaroaro tuatahi ki tōna āhua whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga me te whai wāhi pāpori o nāianei, kua whakahou tonu te mātauranga tangata i a ia anō kia pai ake ai te mārama ki ngā uauatanga o te oranga tangata. I a ia e anga whakamua ana, ka mau tonu te mātauranga tangata ki ōna mātāpono taketake o te whanaungatanga ahurea, te pakari o ngā wheako, me te kawenga matatika, kia mau tonu ai tana takoha ki te ako i te tangata.
