Te Taupatupatu i waenganui i te Tikanga Tuku Iho me te Ao Hou i roto i te Anthropology
Ko te mātauranga tangata, te ako i ngā ahurea, ngā reo, me ngā ara whanaketanga o te tangata, e tū ana i tētahi wāhi whakamīharo i waenganui i te tikanga tuku iho me te ao hou. Ka tautokona tēnei wāhi e ngā taupatupatu me ngā mahi tahi e hanga ana i te huarahi, ngā tikanga, me ngā kitenga o te kaupapa. I a ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata e aro nui ana ki ēnei āhuatanga, he maha ngā wā ka mahi ā rātou mahi hei whakaata me te wawao i ngā au whānui o te hapori. Ko te pakanga i waenganui i te tikanga tuku iho me te ao hou i roto i te mātauranga tangata ka awe i ngā tautohetohe mātauranga ehara i te mea ko ngā oranga o ia rā o te hunga e akohia ana ō rātou ahurea me ō rātou hītori.
Te Mārama ki te Tikanga Tuku Iho i roto i te Anthropology
He kaupapa ako, he pou hoki te tikanga tuku iho i roto i te mātauranga tangata. I ngā wā o mua, kua aro nui ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki te mahi mara roa, te mātakitaki whai wāhi, me te mātauranga iwi hei tikanga matua. Nā ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata o mua pērā i a Bronislaw Malinowski rāua ko Franz Boas i whakatakoto te turanga mō ngā rangahau mara rumaki, me te kī, kia mārama ai te tangata ki tētahi ahurea, me noho te tangata ki roto, me mātakitaki i ana mahi, me ako hoki i tana reo. Nā ēnei tikanga i taea ai te rangahau whānui mō ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga, ngā kawa, ngā hanganga pāpori, me ētahi atu, ā, ka hangaia he tuhinga tūāpapa e whai pānga tonu ana ki ngā whakaaro mātauranga tangata.
I te taumata whānui, kua roa ngā tohunga tātai tangata e hiahia ana ki te mōhio me pēhea te whakatairanga a ngā tikanga tuku iho – tae atu ki ngā whakapono, ngā mahi, me ngā umanga – i te oranga pāpori. Kei roto i tēnei ko te tirotiro i ngā kawa, ngā tikanga, me ngā tikanga pāpori kua tukuna iho i roto i ngā whakatipuranga. Ki ētahi hapori, e kitea ana ēnei tikanga tuku iho he mea nui ki te pupuri i te tuakiri ahurea me te hononga pāpori. Ko te tukanga tiaki i ēnei tikanga i waenga i ngā pēhanga o waho me ngā huringa o roto he kaupapa matua i roto i te rangahau tātai tangata.
Te Pānga o te Ao Hou ki te Anthropology
Nā te ao hou, e tohuhia ana e ngā whanaketanga hangarau tere, te ao whānui, me ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga pāpori-tōrangapū, kua whakauru mai ngā uauatanga hou ki roto i te mātauranga tangata. He maha ngā wā ka werohia e ngā tukanga hou ngā tikanga tuku iho o te noho, ka arahi ki ngā pakanga me ngā urutaunga e ngana ana ngā tohunga tangata ki te mārama me te tuhi.
Kua tino whakarerekētia ngā tikanga tātai tangata e ngā whanaketanga hangarau. He huarahi hou tā ngā taputapu matihiko me ngā tūāpapa ipurangi mō te kohikohi me te tātari raraunga. Ko te hangarau tirohanga mamao, te tātari pāpāho pāpori, me te tātaritanga tātai tangata matihiko kei roto i ngā tikanga auaha e āhei ai ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te ako i ngā hapori i roto i ngā huarahi hou, ā, he maha ngā wā kāore i te tino whakaeke. Ka taea e ēnei taputapu te tuku huinga raraunga whānui ake, kanorau ake, engari ka tūpono hoki ki te ngaro te hohonutanga me te māramatanga e whakaratohia ana e ngā mahi mara tuku iho. Ko te whakataurite i ēnei kaha me ēnei herenga he wero o nāianei mō te kaupapa.
Kua hurihia hoki ngā kaupapa o te rangahau tangata e te ao whānui. Kei te hono haere ngā hapori tuku iho ki ngā pūnaha ōhanga me ngā pūnaha ahurea o te ao, ā, ka hua ake ngā tuakiri me ngā mahi ranu. Inaianei, e rangahau ana ngā tohunga tangata i te pānga o ngā taonga o te ao, ngā pāpāho, me te hekenga ki ngā ahurea o te rohe, me te arotahi ki ngā kaupapa pēnei i te ao whānui, te tuakiri, me te ranu. E mōhio ana tēnei panonitanga ehara ngā ahurea i te mea pumau engari he hihiri, ā, he aro ki ngā rerenga o te ao o te tangata, o ngā whakaaro, me ngā taonga.
Te Taupatupatu i waenganui i te Tiaki me te Urutau
Ko tētahi o ngā pakanga nui i waenganui i te tikanga tuku iho me te ao hou i roto i te mātauranga tangata ko te taupatupatu i waenganui i te tiaki ahurea me te urutau. He maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata i roto i ngā tautohetohe tautohetohe mō te wā me pēhea te wawao ki ngā ahurea e akohia ana e rātou.
E kī ana ētahi ko te mahi a te tohunga tātai tangata ko te āwhina i ngā hapori ki te pupuri i ō rātou tikanga tuku iho i roto i ngā pēhanga o ēnei rā. E kite ana tēnei tirohanga i ngā tohunga tātai tangata hei kaitiaki o ngā taonga tuku iho, e tautoko ana i ngā mahi ki te pupuri i ngā reo, ngā kawa, me ngā hanganga pāpori kua ngaro pea. Heoi, i ētahi wā ka huri tēnei huarahi ki tētahi tirohanga whakaipoipo o te ahurea 'tūturu', ka kore pea e aro ki te mana o ngā tāngata takitahi i roto i aua ahurea ki te huri me te urutau.
Ko ētahi e tautoko ana i tētahi māramatanga hihiri ake mō te ahurea, arā, he māramatanga e tautoko ana i te huringa me te urutau hei mea tūturu, ā, he mea e kore e taea te karo. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, me tuhi, me tātari hoki ngā tohunga tātai tangata i te auahatanga me te whakarerekētanga o ngā ahurea, me te kore e whakanoho i te ao hou hei tūmomo mōrearea. E whakaute ana tēnei huarahi i te kaha o ngā hapori ki te whakauru i ngā āhuatanga o te ao hou ki roto i ā rātou tikanga tuku iho i roto i ngā huarahi whai tikanga, me te kite i te huringa ahurea hei momo manawanui, kaua hei mate.
Ngā Whakaaro Aronga
Kua kawea mai hoki e te ao hou ngā whakaaro matatika hou ki roto i ngā rangahau ā-iwi. Ko ngā take o te māngai, te whakaae, me ngā mana whakahaere kua tino tirotirohia atu i mua. I a ngā tohunga ā-iwi e mahi tahi ana me ngā hapori kanorau me te hono tahi, me whakatere rātou i ngā whenua matatika uaua. He mea nui te whakarite kia whai wāhi ngā kaupapa rangahau ki te kōrero i ā rātou kōrero, ā, kia kore ai ā rātou mahi ahurea e hē te whakaatu, e whakahihirihia, e hokohokohia rānei.
Heoi anō, ko te mamati o ngā rangahau ka ara ake ngā pātai mō te tūmataitinga me te mana pupuri raraunga. Ko wai te kaiwhakahaere i te nui o ngā raraunga ka kohia mā roto i ngā tikanga mamati, ā, me pēhea te tohatoha, te penapena, me te whakamahi i ēnei raraunga? Kei te arotakehia anō ngā anga matatika tuku iho hei aro atu ki ēnei wero hou, e akiaki ana i ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te whakawhanake i ngā mahi pakari ake, whānui ake hoki.
Whakamutunga: He Āpure e Rere Ana
Ehara te pakanga i waenganui i te tikanga tuku iho me te ao hou i roto i te mātauranga tangata i te wehewehenga engari he whānuitanga e whiriwhiria tonutia ana e te kaupapa ōna ariā, āna tikanga, me āna huarahi matatika. He mea nui tēnei kōrero mō te whanaketanga o te mātauranga tangata i a ia e whai ana kia noho whai tikanga tonu i roto i te ao hurihuri tere. Ko ngā tikanga me ngā kaupapa tuku iho e tuku ana i te hohonutanga me te haere tonutanga, ko ngā taputapu me ngā kaupapa hou e kawe mai ana i te whānuitanga me te auahatanga. Ko te wero kei roto i te whakauru i ēnei huānga i roto i ngā huarahi whakaute, matatika, me te whai whakaaro nui.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te kaha o te mātauranga tangata kei roto i tōna kaha ki te urutau. Mā te aro nui ki ngā tikanga tuku iho me ngā mea hou, ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata te whakarato i ngā māramatanga hohonu ki te huarahi e whakatere ai te tangata i ngā uauatanga o ō rātou ao. Nō reira, ka haere tonu te kaupapa ki te whakamārama i te whāriki whai rawa o te oranga tangata i roto i ōna momo whakaaturanga katoa, me te hono i te wā o mua me te wā o nāianei hei whakamōhio i tō tātou māramatanga ki te heke mai.
