Te Whakahāngaitanga Iwi me te Whakawhanaungatanga Ahurea i roto i te Anthropology
Ko te mātauranga tangata, hei kaupapa mātauranga, e whai ana ki te tūhura i te whānuitanga o ngā wheako tangata, e whakaatu ana i ngā māramatanga ki ngā whanonga, ngā tikanga, me ngā hapori e tautuhi ana i ngā ahurea rerekē puta noa i te wā me te wāhi. E rua ngā ariā matua o tēnei tūhuratanga ko te whakaaro iwi me te whakaaro ahurea. Ka āwhina ēnei kupu ki te whakatakoto i ngā huarahi e kite ai, e aromatawai ai hoki ngā tohunga tātai tangata me ngā tāngata noa i ngā ahurea rerekē, ā, he pānga nui tō rātou ki ngā taunekeneke ahurea-maha, te māramatanga, me te whakaute.
Te Mārama ki te Whakahāngaitanga Iwi
Ko te whakaaro nui ki te iwi ko te mahi whakawā i tētahi atu ahurea mā runga i ngā paerewa me ngā uara o tōna ake ahurea. Kei roto ko te tirohanga whakaaro nui ko tōna ake ahurea he pai ake i ētahi atu. Ka taea e tēnei ia te whakaatu i roto i ngā huarahi maha, tae atu ki te whakaaro he rerekē, he taketake, he iti iho rānei ngā tikanga kē atu. He mea tūturu te whakaaro nui ki te iwi ki tētahi taumata; i ahu mai i te ia o te tangata ki te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ahurea kua mōhiotia hei paearu mō te mārama ki te ao. Heoi, ka taea e ia te arahi ki ngā māramatanga nui me ngā whakahāwea.
I ngā wā o mua, ko ngā tirohanga ā-iwi te take i kaha ai te mana o te koroni, ā, i whakaaro ngā kainoho he matatau ō rātou ake ahurea, ā, i kite rātou he kawenga ā-roto ki te "whakatikatika" i ngā iwi taketake. I kitea tēnei i roto i te pehi i ngā reo, ngā tikanga tuku iho, me ngā pūnaha whakapono taketake hei painga mō ngā reo o ngā kainoho.
I ngā horopaki o nāianei, ka taea tonu e te whakaaro-iwi te hua ake i ngā māramatanga ahurea me te whakahāwea. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā hapori maha-ahurea, tera pea ka uaua ki ngā tāngata takitahi, ki ngā rōpū rānei te whakaute me te whakaae ki ngā mahi rerekē i ō rātou ake, ka arahi ki te wehewehenga hapori me te pakanga.
Te Tūranga o te Whakawhanaungatanga Ahurea
Ko te whakaaro ahurea, i whakaurua mai e te tohunga tātai tangata a Franz Boas i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, he taurite ki te whakaaro iwi-pokapū. Ko te mātāpono tēnei kia māramahia ngā whakapono me ngā mahi a te tangata e ētahi atu i runga i te ahurea o taua tangata ake. E whakanui ana te whakaaro ahurea kāore he ahurea e hira ake ana, e iti iho ana rānei i tētahi atu, e kī ana he uara motuhake me ngā ariā ā-roto tō ia ahurea.
E tautoko ana te whakaaro nui ki ngā tikanga ahurea i tētahi huarahi aroha ki ngā mahi ahurea, e akiaki ana i ngā kaimātakitaki kia waiho ō rātou ake whakaaro ahurea ki te taha, kia rumakina hoki rātou ki ngā wheako o ētahi atu. Mā te pera, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata me ētahi atu tāngata te whiwhi māramatanga hohonu ake, hohonu ake hoki ki ngā momo huarahi noho.
Te Whakahāngaitanga Iwi me te Whakawhanaungatanga Ahurea: Te Whakataurite i ngā Tirohanga
Ko te taupatupatu i waenga i te whakaaro iwi me te whakaaro ahurea he wero nui i roto i te mātauranga tangata. I tētahi taha, ka whakatairanga te whakaaro ahurea i te manawanui me te māramatanga. Ka whakatūpato kia kaua e whakatakoto uara o waho ki runga i ngā tikanga ahurea kanorau, engari ka tautoko kia maioha ki te kanorau.
I tētahi atu taha, e kī ana ngā kairīti ko te whanaungatanga ahurea ka arahi pea ki te whanaungatanga matatika, ka whakamāoritia ngā mahi kino i raro i te arataki a te māramatanga ahurea. Hei tauira, ko ngā mahi pēnei i te tapahi ira wahine, te marena ā-ture, te whakahāwea ira tangata tino nui rānei ka ara ake he āwangawanga matatika. E kī ana ngā kairīti kaua te whanaungatanga ahurea e whakamahia hei whakamārama i ngā takahi i ngā tika tangata.
He maha ngā wā ka kitea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata kei te takahi i te rārangi angiangi, e whai ana ki te whakaute i ngā rerekētanga ahurea, me te tautoko hoki i ngā tika tangata whānui. Me whai taurite tēnei, kia mau tonu te aro ki ngā horopaki ahurea, me te kore e huna i ngā hē e pā kino ana ki ngā tāngata takitahi, ki ngā rōpū rānei.
Ngā Whakamahinga Whaihua i roto i te Mahi Marae
I roto i ngā kupu mahi, ko te whakaaro nui ki te iwi me te whakaaro nui ki ngā tikanga ahurea te mea e whakatau ana i te huarahi e whakahaerehia ai e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ā rātou mahi mara. Ko te mōhio ki te whakaaro nui ki te whakaaro nui ki ngā tikanga ahurea ka whakamahara i ngā kairangahau kia arotakehia ō rātou ake whakaaro, kia kaua hoki e whakatau wawe. Mā te whakamahi i te whakaaro nui ki ngā tikanga ahurea ka āwhina i ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te hanga hononga ki ngā kaupapa ako, ka poipoi ake i tētahi whakaaturanga whakaute me te tika o ō rātou āhua noho.
Hei tauira, ko te mahi nui a Margaret Mead i Hāmoa (“Te Haerenga Mai o te Pakeketanga i Hāmoa”) he mea hou mō tana huarahi whakawhitiwhiti ahurea. I waiho e Mead ōna ake ariā ahurea ki te taha kia mārama ai ki te taiohitanga o Hāmoa mai i te tirohanga a ngā tāngata Hāmoa tonu. Heoi, i muri mai ka puta he tautohetohe me he whakahē i āna kitenga, e whakaatu ana i te uaua o te whakamahi i te whakawhitiwhiti ahurea me ngā wero ki te whakarite i ngā whakaaturanga tika.
Ngā Wero o te Ao Hou
I tēnei ao whānui, kei te hono haere ngā ahurea, ā, kei te whanake tonu. Ka puta mai he wero hou me ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakamahi i ngā ariā o te whakaaro nui ki te iwi me te whakaaro nui ki ngā ahurea. Ka whakatairangahia e te ao whānui te whakawhitiwhiti ahurea me te whakakotahitanga engari ka tūpono hoki te whakakotahitanga ahurea me te memeha haere o ngā tikanga tuku iho.
Heoi anō, ka uaua ake ēnei āhuatanga i te ao matihiko. Mā te pāpāho pāpori me te ipurangi ka kitea ngā momo ahurea kanorau i te tangata, ā, i ētahi wā ka poipoi i te aroha me te māramatanga, engari ka whakanui hoki i ngā waiaro ā-iwi me ngā whakaaro hē ā-ahurea.
I roto i te whakatau i ēnei wero, he mahi nui tonu tā te mātauranga tangata. Ka whakatairanga i te mātauranga ahurea-maha, ka āwhina i te tangata ki te whakatere i ngā uauatanga o te ao maha-āhua. E whakaatu ana te kaupapa i te hiranga o te mōhio me te whakaiti i te whakaaro nui ki te iwi, me te whakatenatena hoki i te whai wāhi whakaaro nui ki te whanaungatanga ahurea.
Opaniraa
Ko te whakaaro nui ki te iwi me te whanaungatanga ahurea he ariā matua e whakarato ana i ngā anga matua mō te mārama me te whakatere i te kanorau ahurea. Mā te mōhio ki ngā whakaaro pōhēhē o te whakaaro nui ki te iwi me ngā māramatanga aroha o te whanaungatanga ahurea, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata me ngā tāngata takitahi te whakatairanga i ngā tirohanga matatau, whakaute, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā ahurea maha o te ao.
Ko te mea nui ko te whakataurite i ēnei tirohanga—te whakatairanga i te māramatanga tuwhera ki ngā rerekētanga ahurea, me te pupuri tonu i te whakapau kaha ki ngā tika tangata me ngā paerewa matatika. Mā tēnei whakataurite, ka whakamārama tonu te mātauranga tangata i ngā āhuatanga uaua o ngā hapori tangata, ka whai wāhi atu ki tētahi ao whānui ake, mārama ake hoki.
