Ngā Ariā o ngā Tapu me ngā Tikanga Pāpori i roto i te Anthropology
Ko te Anthropology, te ako whānui mō te tangata, e ruku hohonu ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga tangata, tae atu ki ngā ahurea, ngā whanonga, me ngā hanganga pāpori. Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o tēnei kaupapa ko te tirotiro i ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori, he mea nui ki te mārama ki te hanganga pāpori uaua e herea ana ngā hapori. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā o ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori i roto i te anthropology, e whakamārama ana i ō rātou whakamāramatanga, takenga mai, pānga, me ngā rerekētanga puta noa i ngā hapori rerekē o te ao.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Āhua o ngā Tapu me ngā Tikanga Hapori
Ko te tapu he aukati pāpori kaha, he here rānei e whakatakotoria ana ki runga i ētahi whanonga, taonga, tāngata takitahi, kōrero rānei, he maha ngā wā i runga i ngā take ahurea, whakapono rānei. E kiia ana he tapu, he mea kore e taea te takahi i ngā tapu, ā, ko ngā takahi he maha ngā wā ka arahi ki ngā whiu pāpori kino, ki te peinga rānei. He mea nui tā rātou mahi ki te pupuri i te tikanga pāpori mā te whakaahua i ngā whanonga e whakaaetia ana, e kore hoki e whakaaetia. He rerekē ngā tauira o ngā tapu, mai i ngā here kai i roto i ētahi whakapono ki ngā aukati i ngā whanaungatanga moepuku.
Ko ngā tikanga pāpori ia, e pā ana ki ngā tumanakohanga me ngā ture e ārahi ana i ngā whanonga o ngā mema i roto i te hapori. Ko ēnei ture kāore i tuhia e ahu mai ana i ngā uara, ngā whakapono, me ngā tikanga ā-iwi o te hapori. Ko ngā tikanga pāpori e whakahaere ana i ngā taunekeneke o ia rā, ā, e whakarite ana i te kotahitanga me te matapae i roto i te oranga pāpori. Ko te ū ki ēnei tikanga ka akiakihia mā te whakaae pāpori, engari ko ngā peka ke ka hua ake te whakahē pāpori, te tawai rānei.
Ngā Pūtake me ngā Mahi o ngā Tapu me ngā Tikanga Hapori
I puta mai ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori i te hononga uaua i waenga i ngā āhuatanga ahurea, hītori, me te taiao. He hohonu te whakaurunga o ēnei ki roto i te hinengaro whānui, ā, he maha ngā mahi e whai tikanga ana mō te pumau me te haere tonu o ngā hapori.
1. Te Pupuri i te Tikanga Hapori: Ko ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori he tikanga whakahaere pāpori, e whakarite ana kia rite ngā whanonga o te tangata ki ngā tumanakohanga me ngā uara whānui o tō rātou hapori. Mā te whakatū rohe mārama, ka ārai i ngā whanonga whakararuraru ka tūkino i te rangimarie pāpori.
2. Tuakiri Ahurea me te Haere Tonu: He mahi nui tā ēnei hanganga ki te tiaki me te tuku i te tuakiri ahurea mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. Ka whakakaha ake i te maharatanga ā-rōpū me te taonga tuku iho o tētahi hapori, ka poipoi i te wairua nōhanga me te haere tonu.
3. Ngā Anga Matatika me ngā Tikanga Matatika: Ko ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori te nuinga o te wā e whakaatu ana i ngā mātāpono matatika me ngā tikanga matatika o te hapori. Ka wehewehea e rātou te tika me te hē, ka ārahi i ngā mahi me ngā taunekeneke a te tangata takitahi i roto i ngā huarahi e whakaata ana i ngā uara o te hapori.
4. Te Urutau ki te Taiao: He mahi urutau ā ētahi tapu me ngā tikanga, hei āwhina i ngā hapori ki te urupare ki ō rātou horopaki taiao me te taiao. Hei tauira, tera pea kua whanake ngā tapu kai hei ārai i te kai i ngā kai kino pea.
Ngā Tapu i roto i ngā Hapori Rerekē
He rerekē rawa te whakaaturanga o ngā tapu i roto i ngā horopaki ahurea rerekē. Mā te mārama ki ēnei rerekētanga ka puta he māramatanga nui ki te kanorau o ngā hapori tangata.
1. Ngā Tapu Whakapono: He maha ngā tapu e hono ana ki ngā whakapono me ngā mahi whakapono. I roto i te Hūrai me te Ihirama, ka āraia e ngā ture kai te kai i ētahi kai, pērā i te poaka, he mea e kiia ana he poke. Waihoki, ka whakatakotohia e te Hinitū he here mō te kai mīti kau, nā te mea e kiia ana he tapu te kau.
2. Ngā Tapu Pāpori: He maha ngā wā ka whakahaerea ngā tapu pāpori i ngā whanaungatanga tangata me ngā whanonga pāpori. Hei tauira, he tata whānui ngā tapu moepuku, e aukati ana i ngā whanaungatanga ira tangata i waenga i ngā whanaunga tata. Ko ēnei tapu he ārai i ngā mate ira me te pupuri i ngā hanganga whānau.
3. Ngā Tapu e pā ana ki te Ira Tangata: He rerekē ngā tapu e pā ana ki te ira tangata me te moepuku. I roto i te maha o ngā hapori, he here motuhake kei runga i ngā whanonga me te nekenekehanga o ngā wāhine, he mea whakamanahia e ngā whakapono ahurea, whakapono rānei. Ko ngā tapu mō te paheketanga, e wehe ana i ngā wāhine e paheketanga ana, he mea noa i roto i ētahi ahurea.
4. Ngā Tapu mō te Matenga me te Tangi: He tapu anō hoki ngā waiaro mō te mate me te tangihanga. I ētahi ahurea, he mea koretake te kōrero mō te mate, engari i ētahi atu, ka whakatinanahia ngā tikanga me ngā mahi tangihanga matatini hei whakahonore i te tupapaku.
Ngā Tikanga Hapori puta noa i ngā Ahurea
He whānuitia ngā whanonga e rerekē ana i waenga i ngā hapori i roto i ngā tikanga pāpori. Mā te tirotiro i ēnei tikanga ka kitea te āhua rerehua me te hihiri o ngā mahi ahurea.
1. Ngā Paerewa Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero: Ngā paerewa e pā ana ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te taunekeneke puta noa i ngā ahurea. I ētahi hapori, ko te titiro kanohi tika he mea whakaute, he tohu hoki i te pono, i ētahi atu ia, ka kitea pea he whakahē, he kore whakaute rānei.
2. Ngā Tikanga Kākahu: Ko ngā tikanga kākahu e whakaata ana i ngā uara ahurea me ngā taumata pāpori. I roto i te nuinga o ngā whenua o te Waenganui Rawhiti, ka whakatinanahia ngā tikanga kākahu taurite, inā koa mō ngā wāhine, engari i roto i ngā hapori o te Hauāuru, he nui ake te aro ki te whakaaturanga takitahi mā te ahua.
3. Ngā Tikanga Mihi: He wāhanga nui ngā mihi o te taunekeneke pāpori, ā, he rerekē ngā tikanga e pā ana ki aua mihi. I Hapani, he tikanga mihi te piko, he tohu whakaute me te ngākau māhaki, engari i roto i te nuinga o ngā ahurea o te Hauāuru, he mea noa te rūrū ringa, te awhi rānei.
4. Ngā Paerewa o te Wāhi Mahi: He rerekē anō hoki ngā paerewa e whakahaere ana i ngā whanonga ngaio me ngā tikanga mahi. I roto i ngā ahurea whakakotahi, pērā i ērā i Āhia ki te Rawhiti, he nui te aro ki te mahi tahi me te pono ki ngā whakahaere. He rerekē, ko ngā ahurea takitahi, pērā i ērā i te Hononga o Amerika, e whakatairanga ana i te whakatutukitanga whaiaro me te kaupapa matua.
Ngā Wero me te Whanaketanga o ngā Tapu me ngā Tikanga Hapori
Kāore ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori e noho pūmau; ka whanake haere i runga i te huringa o ngā whenua pāpori, ōhanga, me te hangarau. Nā te ao whānui, te hekenga mai, me te whakawhitiwhiti ahurea kua hua ake te whakaranu me te whakamaoritanga anō o ngā tikanga ahurea.
1. Te Whakangaromanga o ngā Tikanga Tuku Iho: Nā te tere o te ao hou me te noho tāone nui i whai wāhi ai te whakahekenga o ngā tikanga tuku iho i roto i ētahi hapori. Hei tauira, kei te piki haere te wero a ngā taiohi i roto i ngā ahurea maha i ngā tūranga me ngā tumanakohanga tuku iho o te ira tangata.
2. Te Putanga Mai o ngā Tikanga Hou: He maha ngā wā ka puta ake ngā tikanga hou hei whakatika i ngā take o nāianei. Nā te pikinga ake o te hangarau matihiko kua hua ake ai te hanganga o ngā tikanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tuihono, pērā i ngā tikanga e whakahaere ana i ngā taunekeneke pāpāho pāpori me te tūmataitinga matihiko.
3. Te Whakaranutanga Ahurea: Nā te ao whānui kua āwhina te whakaranutanga o ngā ahurea, ā, kua hanumi ngā tikanga ahurea rerekē. Ka taea e tēnei whakaranunga o ngā tikanga te arahi ki te whai huatanga me te taupatupatu i roto i ngā hapori.
4. Te Ātete ki te Huringa: Ahakoa ēnei panonitanga, kei te mau tonu ētahi tapu me ngā tikanga, ā, kei te ātete tonu ki te huringa. Ka taea e ngā mahi ki te wero i ēnei tikanga te whakaoho i ngā tauhohenga kaha, e kitea ana i roto i ngā tautohetohe mō ngā take pēnei i ngā tika LGBTQ+ me te ōritetanga ira tangata.
Opaniraa
I roto i te mātauranga tangata, mā te ako i ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori ka taea te kite i ngā huarahi uaua me te kanorau e whakahaere ai ngā hapori tangata i ngā whanonga me te pupuri i te tikanga pāpori. Ehara ēnei hanganga i te here noa iho engari he mea nui ki te tuakiri ahurea, ki ngā anga matatika, me ngā rautaki urutau o ngā hapori puta noa i te ao. Mā te tirotiro i ngā tapu me ngā tikanga pāpori, ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata te mārama ake ki ngā uara, ngā whakapono, me ngā āhuatanga e hanga ana i ngā wheako me ngā taunekeneke a te tangata.
