Ngā Rangahau Tangata Whenua mō te Hekenga me te Nohoanga-ā-Iwi
Kua roa te hekenga me te noho manene hei kaupapa matua i roto i ngā rangahau ā-iwi, e whakauru ana i ngā tohunga ki ngā pātai mō te nekenekehanga o te tangata, te hanganga hapori, te tuakiri, me te urutau. I roto i ngā wā me ngā whenua, ka hangaia e ngā hekenga ngā ahurea me ngā hapori, ka hangaia he whāriki uaua e whatua ana mai i ngā miro o te haere tonu me te huringa. Ma tēnei tuhinga e whakamārama ngā tirohanga ā-iwi mō te hekenga me te noho manene, e whakaatu ana i te taunekeneke hihiri i waenga i ngā tāngata takitahi, ngā ahurea, me ngā tukanga o te ao.
Horopaki Hītori me ngā Pūtake Ariā
Ko te ako i te hekenga me te marara i roto i te mātauranga tangata ka puta mai i roto i te horopaki hītori whai rawa. Ko ngā mahi mātauranga tangata o mua, pērā i ngā mahi a Franz Boas rāua ko Bronisław Malinowski, i tuhi i te kanorau ahurea me ngā nekehanga o ngā iwi mā roto i ngā rangahau mara. Heoi, tae noa ki waenganui o te rautau 20 ka tīmata te aro nui ki te hekenga me te marara.
Ko tētahi o ngā anga matua mō te mārama ki te hekenga ko te ariā pana-tō, e kī ana ko te hekenga o te tangata nā te huinga o ngā āhuatanga pana (pēnei i te rawakore, te pakanga, me te hekenga o te taiao) me ngā āhuatanga kukume (pēnei i ngā whai wāhitanga ōhanga me te pumau tōrangapū). Ahakoa he mea nui, kua arotakehia tēnei ariā mō tōna whakangawari i ngā hihiri me ngā wheako uaua o te tangata. He pai ake ki ngā tohunga tātai tangata o ēnei rā ngā huarahi matatini ake e whakaaro ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha-tauine, maha-tauine, me te rere o te hekenga.
Te Whakawhitiwhiti Whenua me te Ariā o te Nohoanga
I puta ake te kaupapa whakawhiti-motu hei ariā matua i ngā tau 1990, me te whakanui i ngā hononga me ngā taunekeneke maha e hono ana i ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā whakahaere puta noa i ngā rohe. Ka neke atu tēnei tirohanga i te tirohanga ki te hekenga hei nekehanga rārangi, kotahi te ara mai i te kāinga tupu ki te whenua manaaki, engari e whakaatu ana i ngā tukanga me ngā whatunga hihiri e tautoko ana i ngā hononga puta noa i ngā tawhiti. Kua whai wāhi nui ngā tohunga tātai tangata pērā i a Nina Glick Schiller, Linda Basch, me Cristina Szanton Blanc ki te whakawhanake i tēnei anga, e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te pupuri a ngā heke i ngā whanaungatanga, te hanga hapori, me te awe i ō rātou whenua taketake me ō rātou nohoanga.
Ahakoa i ahu mai te ariā o te diaspora i ngā hapori Hūrai kua marara noa, kua whānui haere ki te whakauru i ngā taupori kua marara puta noa i te ao. E ako ana ngā tohunga tātai tangata i ngā diaspora ehara i te mea ko te marara tinana anake, engari mā roto hoki i ngā tirohanga o te mahara, te roa o te ora, me te tuakiri. Ko te whakaaro a James Clifford mō ngā "ara" kaua ko ngā "pakiaka" e hopu ana i te āhua kore-pūmau me te tukanga o ngā tuakiri diaspora. Ka tirotirohia ngā diaspora mā roto i ā rātou mahi pupuri i te taonga tuku iho ahurea, te whakatere i ngā tuakiri ranu, me te whakaū i te awe tōrangapū me te pāpori.
Ngā Huarahi Iwi-ā-Iwi ki te Hekenga
Ko te etnography, te tikanga matua o te mātauranga tangata, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga whai kiko, whai kiko hoki ki ngā wheako o ngā manene me ngā hapori noho whenua. Mā te mātakitaki whai wāhi, ngā uiuinga, me ētahi atu tikanga kounga, ka hurahia e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ngā āhuatanga ngaro me ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā kōrero hekenga.
Hei tauira, ko te mahi a Nancy Foner mō ngā manene i te Tāone o Niu Ioka e tirotiro ana i te huarahi e whakatere ai ngā rōpū manene rerekē i ngā wero o te whakaurunga i roto i tētahi taiao tāone uaua. E whakaatu ana ia i ngā huarahi e hono ai te mana ture, te iwi taketake, me te karaehe hei hanga i ngā wheako, ngā whai wāhitanga, me ngā huarahi o ngā manene.
Heoi anō, e whakamārama ana te arotahi ki te ahurea tangata i ngā āhuatanga iti o te hekenga tangata. Ehara i te mea ko ngā au whānui ohaoha, ko ngā anga kaupapa here rānei te kaupapa o te hekenga tangata anake, engari ko ngā wawata takitahi, ko ngā whanaungatanga, me te kotahitanga o te hapori. E whakaatu ana ēnei kōrero whaiaro i te huarahi e mārama ai ngā hekenga ki ā rātou haerenga, e pupuri ana i ngā hononga ki ō rātou whenua tupu, ā, e hanga wāhi ana mō rātou anō i roto i ngā taiao hou.
Tuakiri, Tangata Whenua, me te Nohoanga
Ka tūhuratia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te pānga o te hekenga me te marara ki te hanganga tuakiri me ngā ariā o te tūnga tangata me te noho tahi. Ka whakakorengia e te hekenga ngā ariā ngāwari o te noho tahi e herea ana ki ngā whenua-iwi, ā, ka akiakihia te whakaaro anō ki ngā tuakiri ahurea me ngā tuakiri pāpori.
E whakaatu ana te ariā a Aihwa Ong mō te "tangata whenua ngāwari" i te huarahi e whakatere rautaki ai, e whiriwhiri ai hoki ngā manene i ō rātou tuakiri, hononga, me ngā tūnga ture hei rapu i ngā huarahi pai ake. E wero ana tēnei whakaaro i ngā ariā tuku iho mō te tangata whenua e ahu mai ana i te tuakiri motu kotahi, engari e whakaaro ana ki tētahi māramatanga ngāwari ake, whai hua hoki mō te noho tahi.
He maha ngā wā ka raru ngā hapori o te iwi i te taha o te whenua ki ngā pātai mō te tuakiri, me te whakataurite i te tiakitanga o te taonga tuku iho me te urutau ki ngā taiao hou. Ko te ariā a Stuart Hall mō te tuakiri ahurea e whakaatu ana i te rere me te ranu o ngā tuakiri o te iwi i te taha o te whenua, e rerekē tonu ana, e whiriwhiria ana. Ka wetekina e tēnei tirohanga ngā tirohanga whakahirahira mō te ahurea, ā, e whakaatu ana i ngā tukanga auaha me te hihiri e hangaia ai ngā tuakiri o te iwi i te taha o te whenua.
Te Hekenga, te Ao Whānui, me ngā Āhuatanga Mana
Kua tino awe te ao whānui i ngā tauira me ngā wheako o te hekenga tangata, ā, kua hangaia he momo hou o te nekenekehanga me te hononga. Nā ngā kaupapa here ōhanga neoliberal, ngā mākete mahi ā-ao, me ngā whanaketanga hangarau me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kua huri i te āhua o te hekenga tangata.
Ka tātarihia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te pānga o te ao whānui me te neoliberalism ki ngā manene, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakanuia ake ngā kore taurite me ngā ngoikoretanga. E whakaatu ana te ariā a Saskia Sassen mō ngā "tāone ā-ao" i te huarahi e whakaemihia ai e ngā tukanga ōhanga ā-ao te taonga ki ētahi pokapū tāone, me te kukume i ngā kaimahi manene me te whakapūmau i ngā momo wehewehenga pāpori me te ōhanga.
He mea nui anō hoki ngā mahi a te hunga heke ki te rangahau ā-iwi. He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā kaimahi, inā koa ko te hunga nō ngā whānau e noho pōrearea ana, e te tukino me te whakahāwea. Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana te rangahau mō ngā kaimahi kāinga heke i te hononga o te iwi, te ira tangata, me te karaehe hei hanga i ō rātou wheako mahi me te noho pōrearea.
Ngā Aronga ā-Mārama me ngā Whakaaro Matatika
I te mea kei te piki haere tonu te tauine me te uaua o te hekenga o te ao, me urutau me te whakawhānui ake ngā rangahau ā-iwi mō te hekenga me te diaspora. Ko te huringa āhuarangi, te kore pumau o te tōrangapū, me ngā rerekētanga ōhanga ka whakararuraru ake i ngā tauira hekenga, ka hiahiatia he huarahi rangahau maha-mātauranga me te tirohanga whakamua.
He mea nui ngā whakaaro matatika i roto i te rangahau hekenga. Me whakatere e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā take o te māngai, te whakaae, me te tautoko, me te whakarite kia kaua e rangona noa ngā reo hekenga engari kia whakautehia, kia whakamanahia hoki. Mā te mahi tahi me ngā hapori hekenga me te whakaurunga o ngā tikanga rangahau whakauru ka taea te whakarei ake i te pakari matatika me te pānga o ngā rangahau tātai tangata.
Hei whakamutunga, ko ngā rangahau tātai tangata mō te hekenga me te noho manene ka whakarato i ngā tirohanga nui ki te āhua o te tangata, e whakaatu ana i te huarahi e whakatere ai te tangata me te mārama ki te nekehanga, te nekehanga, me te hononga. Mā te arotahi ki ngā wheako o ngā hekenga me ngā hapori noho manene, ka hurahia e te tātai tangata ngā uauatanga hohonu me ngā pūmanawa whakarerekētanga e pā ana ki te nekenekehanga o te tangata. Mā te rangahau tonu me te whanake haere, ka whai wāhi ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te māramatanga hohonu ake ki ngā āhuatanga maha me ngā pānga o te hekenga.
