Te Anthropology o te Ture me te Tika Hapori
Kupu Whakataki
Ko te mātauranga tangata, te ako whānui mō te tangata, e hono hōhonu ana ki ngā mara o te ture me te tika pāpori. Mā te arotake arohaehae i ngā huarahi e hangaia ai, e whakamāramahia ai, e whakamahia ai hoki ngā ture, ka whakakitea e ngā tirohanga mātauranga tangata he nui ngā mea e pā ana ki ngā tikanga pāpori, ngā hanganga mana, me ngā whakapono ahurea. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te mātauranga tangata o te ture, ka tūhuratia tōna hononga ki te tika pāpori, me te whakamārama i te whai wāhi a ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki ngā pūnaha ture tika.
Te Anthropology o te Ture: He Tirohanga Whānui
Ko te mātauranga tangata o te ture, he wāhanga iti o te mātauranga tangata ahurea, e tirotiro ana i te māramatanga, te whakatinanatanga, me te mahi a ngā hapori i te ture. E whakaaro ana ki ngā ture ehara i te mea he ture whaimana, he ture rānei, engari he whakaata i ngā uara ahurea, i te tikanga pāpori, me ngā nekehanga mana. Nā ngā takoha tōmua a ngā tohunga pērā i a Bronisław Malinowski rāua ko EE Evans-Pritchard i whakatakoto te turanga mā te ako i ngā hapori ehara i te Hauāuru, me te whakaatu i ngā pūnaha ture kanorau me ngā tikanga whakatau tautohe e wero ana i ngā tirohanga a te Hauāuru.
Ko ngā mahi rangahau a Bronisław Malinowski i ngā Moutere o Trobriand hei tauira mō tēnei huarahi. I kitea e ia he uaua ngā pūnaha ture tikanga o ngā "hapori taketake" e whakahaere ana i ngā whanonga, e whakatau ana i ngā pakanga, e pupuri ana hoki i te hononga hapori. E whakahē ana ēnei kitenga i te whakaaro ko te matatau o te ture he mea motuhake ki te ao o te Hauāuru.
E kī ana ngā tohunga tātai tangata ture kāore e taea te mārama ki te ture i waho noa iho o te horopaki pāpori whānui. Engari, ko te ture he taputapu whakahaere pāpori e noho ana i roto i te whatunga whanaungatanga, whakapono, tōrangapū, me te ōhanga. Mā te mōhio ki tēnei taunekeneke, ka whakaratohia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata he māramatanga whānui mō te mahi me te whanaketanga o te ture.
Te Tika Hapori: He Āwangawanga Taketake i roto i te Anthropology
Mā te tika pāpori ka mau tonu te tohatoha tika o ngā rauemi, ngā whai wāhitanga, me ngā mana motuhake i roto i te hapori. E pā ana ki ngā take o te tika, te ōritetanga, me ngā tika tangata. He maha ngā wā ka aro ngā rangahau ā-iwi mō te tika pāpori ki ngā hapori e noho tahaetia ana, e whakaatu ana i ngā kore ōritetanga pūnaha me te tautoko i te huringa.
Ka rangahauhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te āhua o te mau tonu me te wero i ngā rerekētanga pāpori e ngā ture. Hei tauira, ko ngā tikanga ā-ira tangata kua whakatōkia ki roto i ngā pūnaha ture ka pehia pea ngā wāhine, ka whakakahoretia hoki ō rātou tika ōrite. Waihoki, ko ngā ture e kore e aro ki ngā kereme whenua taketake ka mau tonu ngā hē o te koroni. Mā te whakaatu i ēnei take, ka āwhina ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te whakatakoto ture e whakatairanga ana i te tika pāpori.
Ngā Akoranga Take i roto i te Anthropology o te Ture me te Tika Hapori
1. Ngā Tika Whenua Taketake
Kua pāngia ngā hapori taketake o te ao e ngā pakanga ture kāore i kitea i mua hei whakahoki mai i ō rātou whenua tuku iho. He mahi nui tā ngā tohunga tātai tangata i roto i ēnei mahi mā te whakarato taunakitanga ā-iwi mō te whakamahinga me te noho whenua tuku iho, he mea nui tēnei i roto i ngā pakanga ture.
I Ahitereiria, e whakaatu ana te mahi a te tohunga tātai tangata a Deborah Bird Rose i te āhua o te iwi taketake me tō rātou hononga wairua hohonu ki te whenua. He mea nui tana rangahau i roto i ngā take mō ngā tika whenua, e whakaatu ana i te korenga o ngā anga ture o te Hauāuru ki te mārama, ki te whakaute rānei i ngā tirohanga a ngā iwi taketake. E whakaatu ana te mahi a Bird Rose i te kaha o te tātai tangata ki te hono i ngā āputa i waenga i ngā māramatanga ture me ngā tika a ngā iwi taketake, me te akiaki i ngā ture e whakahonore ana, e tiaki ana hoki i ngā ahurea taketake.
2. Te Tauritekore o te Ira Tangata me te Whakahoutanga Ture
I roto i ngā hapori maha, he uaua ngā pūnaha ture i ngā wā o mua ki te whakakaha i ngā kore taurite o te ira tangata. Ka āwhina ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te tuhi me te wero i ēnei mahi. Hei tauira, ka tirohia e te rangahau a Sally Engle Merry te whakamārama me te whakamana i ngā ture tika tangata o te ao i ngā taumata ā-rohe, e pā ana ki ngā tika o ngā wāhine.
E whakaatu ana ngā mahi a Merry mō te tutu ira tangata i te wehewehenga i waenga i ngā tikanga tika tangata o te ao me ngā mahi ā-rohe. E tautoko ana ia i tētahi huarahi maha ki te whakahou ture e whakaute ana i ngā rerekētanga ahurea me te tautoko hoki i ngā tika tangata whānui. E whakaatu ana tana mātauranga i te hiranga o te whakahāngai i ngā mahi tika tangata ā-rohe kia whai pānga ai ki roto i ngā horopaki ahurea motuhake, ā, kia whai hua ai te aro atu ki te tika ira tangata.
3. Te Manene me te Whakapūmau Ture
Ko te maha o ngā ture, arā, te noho tahi o ngā pūnaha ture maha i roto i te ao pāpori kotahi, e tino kitea ana i roto i ngā horopaki o te manene mai. Ka rangahauhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te huarahi e haereere ai ngā manene i waenga i ō rātou pūnaha ture taketake me ngā anga ture o ō rātou whenua hou. Ka taea e tēnei āhuatanga takirua te waihanga i ngā pakanga me ngā whai wāhitanga mō te tika pāpori.
Hei tauira, ko te mahi a Harri Englund e tūhura ana i ngā wheako o ngā rerenga o Malawi i Zambia. E whakaatu ana a Englund i te whai wāhi a ngā rerenga ki ngā ture tika tangata o te ao me ngā ture tikanga ā-rohe, e pāngia ana e te whakahāwea me ngā wero ture. Mā tana rangahau iwi e whakamārama ngā whenua ture uaua me haereere e ngā manene me te hiahia mō ngā kaupapa here ture whānui ake, tika ake hoki.
Ngā Takoha o te Anthropology ki ngā Whakahoutanga Ture
Ka whai wāhi ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki ngā whakahoutanga ture mā te tuku tirohanga matatini e whakatairanga ana i ngā horopaki ahurea me te whakaatu i ngā reo e noho tahaetia ana. Ka whakaratohia e ā rātou rangahau tātai tangata he tuhinga taipitopito me te tātaritanga mō te pānga o ngā ture ki te oranga o te tangata, ā, ka āwhina i te hanga i ngā pūnaha ture tika ake.
Ko te mahi a ngā tohunga tātai tangata whai wāhi, arā, ko ngā tohunga tātai tangata me ngā hapori ki te whakatika i ngā hē, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i te whakahoutanga ture. Mā te mahi hei takawaenga me te tautoko, ka āwhina ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te whakamāori i ngā hiahia me ngā tirohanga a te hapori ki roto i te reo me ngā anga ture. Mā tēnei huarahi mahi tahi ka whakarite kia kore ngā whakahoutanga ture e whakatinanahia mai i runga ki raro engari ka puta mai i te whenua ki runga, me te whakauru i te hunga e tino pāngia ana e ngā ture.
Ka whakawhānui ake te mātauranga tangata ā-iwi i ēnei mahi, i te mea ka kawea mai e ngā kairangahau ā rātou kitenga ki ngā tautohetohe ā-iwi, ki te whakatakoto kaupapa here, me te mahi whakaohooho. Mā te whakapiki i te mōhiotanga me te tautoko i ngā huringa ture, ka āwhina ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki te poipoi i tētahi hapori whai mātauranga me te tika.
Opaniraa
Mā te mātauranga tangata o te ture me te tika pāpori ka kitea he māramatanga nui ki te hononga o te ahurea, te mana, me ngā pūnaha ture. Mā te tirotiro i te mahi a ngā ture i roto i ngā horopaki pāpori, ka whakakitea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ngā hanganga matua e mau tonu ai te kore taurite, ā, ka tautoko i ngā mahi ture tika ake. Mā te rangahau mātauranga tangata, ngā rangahau take, me te mātauranga whai wāhi, ka whai wāhi nui ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki ngā whakahoutanga ture e whai ana ki te whakarei ake i te tika pāpori. I te whanaketanga tonu o ngā hapori, ka noho tonu ngā tirohanga arohaehae e tukuna ana e te mātauranga tangata o te ture hei mea nui i roto i te pakanga tonu mō te tika me te ōritetanga.
