Ngā Tikanga Urutau Ahurea i roto i ngā Hapori Tuku Iho
Ko te kaha o ngā hapori tangata ki te urutau ki ngā pēhanga taiao me ngā pēhanga pāpori kua roa nei e miharo ana ki ngā tohunga tātai tangata, ngā tohunga hapori, me ngā kaituhi hītori. Ko ngā hapori tuku iho, inā koa, e tuku ana i tētahi matapihi ki te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga urutau ahurea kua whanake haere i roto i ngā whakatipuranga. E whakaatu ana ēnei tikanga i te auahatanga me te manawanui o ngā hapori tangata ki te pupuri i tō rātou āhua noho i roto i ngā āhuatanga hurihuri. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi o ngā tikanga urutau ahurea tino nui i kitea i roto i ngā hapori tuku iho.
1. Ngā Rautaki Oranga
Ko te āhuatanga tino taketake o te urutau ahurea i roto i ngā hapori tuku iho e aro ana ki ngā rautaki oranga. Kua whakaritea ēnei rautaki ki te horopaki taiao me te wātea o ngā rauemi. Hei tauira, kua whakawhanakehia e te Inuit o te rohe o te Arctic he huinga pūkenga me ngā hangarau motuhake mō te hopu kararehe moana, te hanga whare tīpoka, me te hanga kākahu mahana e tika ana mō te makariri rawa. Ko ā rātou kai, te whakaritenga pāpori, tae atu ki ngā whakaaturanga toi e hono tahi ana me ēnei mahi oranga.
Waihoki, kua urutau te iwi Maasai o Āwherika ki te Rawhiti ki te taiao maroke mā te mahi ahuwhenua. Ko tā rātou ahurea katoa, mai i te hanganga pāpori ki ngā kawa me ngā hui, e hangai ana ki te mahi whāngai kau. Kāore ēnei rautaki oranga e noho pūmau; ka whanake haere i runga i ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga taiao, ngā pēhanga o te taupori, me ngā taunekeneke ki ētahi atu rōpū.
2. Hanganga Hapori me te Whakahaere
Ko te whakaritenga pāpori tētahi atu wāhanga nui o te urutau ahurea. He maha ngā wā ka whakawhanakehia e ngā hapori tuku iho ngā hanganga pāpori uaua hei whakahaere i ngā rauemi, hei pupuri i te rangimarie pāpori, me te whakatau i ngā tūmomo riri o waho. Ko ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga, ngā hanganga hierarki, me ngā tukanga whakatau ā-hapori he āhuatanga noa.
Hei tauira, i whakawhanakehia e te Iroquois Confederacy i Amerika Te Raki tētahi pūnaha tōrangapū me te pūnaha pāpori matatau i runga i te whanaungatanga whānau me te kaunihera rangatira. Nā tēnei hononga i āhei ai ngā iwi maha ki te mahi tahi, ki te tohatoha rauemi, me te whakatau i ngā pakanga i runga i te rangimārie. He mea nui ēnei hanganga whakahaere mō te whakahaere i ngā pēhanga taiao me te whakarite i te oranga me te oranga o te hapori.
3. Te Tuku Mātauranga
He tikanga nui te tuku mātauranga i roto i ngā hapori tuku iho. Ko ngā kōrero tuku iho, ngā kawa, me ngā pūnaha ako hei huarahi matua ki te tuku iho i ngā pūkenga, ngā whakapono, me ngā mahi matua mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. Mā tēnei ka mau tonu te manawanui me te manawanui i roto i ngā āhuatanga hurihuri.
I roto i te nuinga o ngā ahurea taketake, he tūranga nui tā ngā kaumātua ki te tiaki me te tuku i ngā mātauranga ahurea. He mea nui rawa atu ō rātou mātauranga me ō rātou wheako, ā, ko rātou hei kaitiaki o ngā taonga tuku iho. Hei tauira, he pūnaha uaua ā ngā hapori Taketake o Ahitereiria mō ngā kōrero moemoeā e whakamārama ana i ngā mātauranga taiao, ngā tikanga pāpori, me ngā whakapono wairua.
4. Hangarau Hangarau
Ahakoa te kitea o ngā hapori tuku iho he tū pakari, he mea whakamiharo te auahatanga hangarau e whakaatuhia ana e rātou. Ko te urutau ki ngā wero ā-rohe me whai auaha tonu me te whakawhanake i ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga e tika ana mō ngā taiao motuhake. I roto i ngā Andes, i whakawhanakehia e te iwi Inca ngā papa ahuwhenua matatau me ngā pūnaha whakamakuku hei whakamahi pai i te whenua maunga.
I mōhiotia ngā tāngata o Porinīhia mō ō rātou pūkenga whakatere moana, ā, i whakawhanakehia e rātou ngā tikanga whakatere matatau mā te whakamahi i ngā whetū, ngā tauira hau, me ngā ia moana hei whakawhiti i ngā tawhiti whānui o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Ehara i te mea he mahi whai hua anake ēnei auahatanga hangarau engari he mea tino pūmau ki roto i ngā tikanga ahurea me ngā pūnaha whakapono.
5. Ngā Tikanga me ngā Whakapono
He tikanga kaha ngā kawa, ngā whakapono, me ngā mahi wairua ki te urutau ahurea i roto i ngā hapori tuku iho. Ka whakaratohia he anga mō te whakamārama i te ao, te whakahaere i te koretake, me te whakatairanga i te hononga hapori. He maha ngā wā ka tohu ngā kawa i ngā huihuinga nui o te ao, i ngā huringa o te wā, me ngā mahi ā-hapori, e whakakaha ana i ngā tikanga me ngā uara ahurea.
Hei tauira, ko ngā kawa ahuwhenua a te iwi Ifugao i ngā Philippines e hono tata ana ki tā rātou mahi ahuwhenua raihi. E whakaponohia ana mā ēnei kawa ka pai te kotinga me te pupuri i te rangimarie ki te taiao. Waihoki, ko ngā whakapono totemic o te maha o ngā ahurea taketake e hono ana i ngā hapori ki ngā kararehe motuhake, ki ngā āhuatanga taiao rānei, e ārahi ana i ā rātou taunekeneke ki te ao tūturu, e whakatairanga ana hoki i te tiaki taiao.
6. Ngā Whatunga Tauhokohoko me te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
He tikanga urutau ahurea nui ngā whatunga hokohoko me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, e āwhina ana i te whiwhinga rauemi, mātauranga, me ngā hangarau mai i ētahi atu rōpū. He maha ngā wā ka uru ngā hapori tuku iho ki ngā mahi hokohoko whānui, ka hanga hononga, ka whakatū hononga tauutuutu hei whakarei ake i tō rātou kaha urutau.
Hei tauira, ehara i te mea he ara hokohoko noa iho te Huarahi Hiraka mō ngā taonga engari he ara hoki mō te whakawhitiwhiti ahurea. I āwhina i te horapa o ngā whakaaro, ngā auahatanga, me ngā whakapono whakapono puta noa i ngā tawhiti whānui. I Āwherika, i hono ngā ara hokohoko whakawhiti-Sahara i ngā hapori kanorau, i āhei ai te horapa o ngā mahi ahurea, ngā auahatanga hangarau, me ngā whai wāhitanga ōhanga.
7. Te Whakatau i ngā Taupatupatu me te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
He āhuatanga tino nui o te oranga tangata te pakanga, ā, ka whakawhanakehia e ngā hapori tuku iho ngā tikanga maha hei whakahaere me te whakatau i ngā tautohe. He maha ngā wā ka whai wāhi nui ngā ture tuku iho, ngā takawaenga, me ngā kaunihera kaumātua ki te pupuri i te rangimarie hapori me te aukati i te tutu.
I roto i te iwi San o Āwherika ki te Tonga, ko te whakatau pakanga he kōrero ā-iwi, ka tukuna ngā amuamu, ka rapua he whakaae tahi. Mā tēnei huarahi whai wāhi ka āwhina i te pupuri i te kotahitanga pāpori, ā, ka ārai i te piki haere o ngā tautohe. Waihoki, ko ngā kawa whakanui a ngā iwi taketake o te Tai Hauāuru o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa e whakauru ana i ngā tikanga hei tohatoha anō i te taonga, hei whakapakari i ngā hononga pāpori, me te whakatau i ngā pakanga.
8. Te Urutau ki ngā Huringa Taiao
Ahakoa ngā huringa taiao, he tino kaha te manawanui me te urutau o ngā hapori tuku iho. He maha ngā wā ka whakawhanakehia e rātou he mātauranga matatau mō te taiao me ngā tikanga whakahaere whenua hei whakatau i ngā huringa o te āhuarangi, te wātea o ngā rauemi, me ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao.
Kua urutau te iwi Zuni o te Tonga-mā-uru o Amerika ki ngā āhuatanga maroke mā roto i ngā pūnaha whakahaere wai uaua, tae atu ki ngā tāke ārai me ngā awa whakamakuku. Mā ēnei mahi ka taea e rātou te pupuri i te ahuwhenua i roto i tētahi taiao wero. Waihoki, kua urutau te iwi Sami o te Raki o Ūropi ki ngā tauira hekenga o ngā reindeer mā te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki kahui kararehe ngāwari me te nekenekehanga ā-wā.
Opaniraa
Ko ngā tikanga urutau ahurea i kitea i roto i ngā hapori tuku iho e whakaatu ana i te hohonutanga o te auahatanga me te manawanui o te tangata. Ko ngā rautaki oranga, te whakaritenga hapori, te tuku mātauranga, te auahatanga hangarau, ngā kawa me ngā whakapono, ngā whatunga hokohoko, te whakatau pakanga, me te urutau taiao e hanga ngātahi ana i te tūāpapa o te kaha o ēnei hapori ki te tupu i roto i ngā horopaki kanorau me ngā horopaki wero. Mā te ako i ēnei tikanga, ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te kanorau ahurea tangata engari ka whakarato hoki i ngā māramatanga whai hua mō te aro atu ki ngā wero o te ao o nāianei. I roto i tētahi ao e piki haere ana te āwangawanga o te taiao, te pāpori, me te ōhanga, ka tukuna e ngā akoranga mai i ngā hapori tuku iho he whakaaro nui mutunga kore mō te manawanui, te pumau, me te noho tahi me te ao tūroa.
