Mgbakwunye Polymerization: Usoro, Ngwa, na Uru na Ụlọ Ọrụ
Pendahuluan
Polymerization bụ mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ nke obere mkpụrụ ndụ monomer na-ejikọta ọnụ iji mepụta nnukwu macromolecules a maara dị ka polymers. Otu n'ime ụdị polymerization kachasị bụ mgbakwunye polymerization. Isiokwu a na-achọ ịkọwa usoro bụ isi nke mgbakwunye polymerization, ọtụtụ ngwa ụlọ ọrụ dị mkpa ya, na uru ndị ọ na-enye.
Usoro Mmezi Polymerization Mgbakwunye
Mmeziwanye njikọta, nke a makwaara dị ka njikọta njikọta, bụ usoro nke monomers nwere njikọ abụọ ma ọ bụ otu ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-ejikọta ọnụ site na usoro mmeghachi omume mgbakwunye iji mepụta polima. Enwere ike kewaa usoro a n'ime usoro atọ bụ isi: mmalite, mgbasa, na njedebe.
1. Mmalite
Mmalite bụ ọkwa mbụ nke polymerization ebe a na-emepụta radicals ma ọ bụ ions dị ka ụdị reactive. A na-emepụta radicals ndị a site na mmebi okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ fotochemical nke ndị na-ebido dịka peroxides ma ọ bụ azo compounds. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mmebi nke peroxides:
\[ ROOR \rightarrow 2RO\cdot \]
RO• nwere ike ịmalite mmeghachi omume site na iji monomer (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ethylene):
\[ RO\cdot + CH_2=CH_2 \rightarrow RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot \]
2. Mgbasa
N'ọkwa mgbasa, radicals efu e mepụtara n'ọkwa mmalite na-emeghachi omume na monomers ndị ọzọ iji mepụta agbụ polymer ndị dị ogologo. Oge ọ bụla radicals efu na-emekọrịta ihe na monomer ọhụrụ, a na-agbatị agbụ polymer ahụ:
\[ RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot + CH_2=CH_2 \rightarrow RO-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2\cdot \]
Usoro a na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe a ga-ejikọta ọtụtụ narị ruo puku monomers n'ime agbụ polymer ogologo.
3. Nkwụsị
Nkwụsị bụ ọkwa ikpeazụ nke polymerization ebe uto nke yinye polymer na-akwụsị. Nkwụsị nwere ike ime site na usoro dị iche iche, dịka njikọta ma ọ bụ enweghị nhazi. Na njikọta, radicals abụọ nwere onwe ha na-ejikọta ọnụ iji mepụta otu molekul polymer:
\[ RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot + \cdot CH_2-CH_2-RO \rightarrow RO-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-RO \]
N'adịghị nhata, radicals free dị nso na-agbanwe atọm hydrogen iji mepụta molekul abụọ na-enweghị afọ ojuju:
\[ RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot + \cdot CH_2-CH_2-RO \rightarrow RO-CH_2-CH_3 + CH_2=CH-RO \]
Ngwa nke Mgbakwunye Polymerization
A na-eji usoro mgbakwunye polymerization emepụta ọtụtụ polymers nwere ọtụtụ ojiji n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi e ji eme ya gụnyere plastik, roba sịntetik, na eriri.
1. Plastik
Plastik bụ ihe ndị bụ isi e ji eme ka polymerization dịkwuo mma. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, na polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bụ ihe atụ a na-ahụkarị nke plastik ndị e ji polymerization mụbaa:
– Polyethylene (PE): A na-eji ya eme ihe kwa ụbọchị dịka akpa plastik, ihe ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu, na karama ihe ọṅụṅụ.
– Polypropylene (PP): A na-eji ya eme ihe nke ọma n'ịmepụta arịa ụlọ, nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri, na ihe ndị e ji arụ ụgbọala.
– Polystyrene (PS): A na-eji ya eme ihe dịka ihe eji etinye nri, ihe eji arụ ụlọ nyocha, na ihe mkpuchi.
– Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): A na-eji ya emepụta paịpụ, eriri waya, na ihe owuwu.
2. Rọba sịntetik
A na-emepụtakwa rọba sịntetik dịka polybutadiene na styrene-butadiene (SBR) site na ịgbakwunye polymerization. A na-eji rọba sịntetik ndị a eme ihe n'ịmepụta taya ụgbọala, ụkwụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ, na ngwaahịa rọba ndị ọzọ dị iche iche.
3. Eriri
A na-emepụtakwa ụfọdụ eriri sịntetik eji eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ ákwà site na iji polymerization agbakwunyere. Ihe atụ gụnyere acrylic na polypropylene, nke a na-eji emepụta uwe, kapeeti, na ákwà ndị ọzọ.
Uru nke Mgbakwunye Polymerization
Mmeziwanye ihe mgbakwunye na-eweta ọtụtụ uru nke na-eme ka ọ baa uru nke ukwuu na ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
1. Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na mmepụta
Mmeziwanye ihe na-enye ohere imepụta nnukwu polima nwere njikwa dị mma n'ogologo yinye na nkesa oke molekul. Usoro a dịkwa ngwa ngwa ma dị mfe ịhazi, yana ọnọdụ enwere ike ịgbanwe iji mepụta ọtụtụ polima.
2. Ọnụ ego dị ala
Monomers ndị e ji mee polymerization na-adịkarị ọnụ ala ma dịkwa ebe niile. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji usoro a rụọ ọrụ na obere oriri ike, nke na-enyere aka na arụmọrụ ọnụ ahịa zuru oke nke usoro mmepụta.
3. Ọdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe onwunwe
Mmepụta polymerization agbakwunyere nwere ike imepụta polymers nwere ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe anụ ahụ na nke mekaniki. Site n'ịgbanwe ụdị monomer ma ọ bụ ịchịkwa ọnọdụ mmeghachi omume, ndị nrụpụta nwere ike ịmepụta polymers ahaziri maka mkpa ụfọdụ.
4. Ịdịgide na Ịkwụsi Ike
Polymers ndị e mepụtara site na ịgbakọ polymerization na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ihe gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere okpomọkụ, kemịkalụ, na nrụgide anụ ahụ. Nke a na-eme ka ha dị mma maka ngwa ndị chọrọ ogologo oge, dịka ihe owuwu ụlọ na akụrụngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
5. Recyclaability
Ọtụtụ polima agbakwunyere, dị ka polyethylene na polypropylene, bụ ndị a pụrụ imegharị ọzọ, na-akwado mbọ nkwado na ibelata ihe mkpofu gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na a na-amatawanye mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe mkpofu plastik.
Ihe Ịma Aka na Ngwọta Ya
N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ uru ọ na-enye, njikọta polymerization na-echekwa ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka ndị a ga-elebara anya iji melite arụmọrụ na nkwado ya.
1. Njikwa Njirimara Polymer
Ịchịkwa nhazi na ihe ndị e ji mara polima ndị a na-esi na ya apụta na-abụkarị ihe ịma aka. Ndị nchọpụta ga-anọgide na-emepụta ụzọ iji chịkwaa nkesa ibu molekul na nhazi stereochemical iji nweta arụmọrụ kacha mma.
2. Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
Mmepụta polima na-enwekarị mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi. A ghaghị imeziwanye ojiji akụrụngwa dị irè na teknụzụ ndị na-adịghị ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi iji belata akara carbon nke usoro mmepụta polima.
3. Ọrụ Imegharị Ihe
Ịmepụta teknụzụ imegharị ihe nke ọma ma baa uru n'akụnụba dị oke mkpa maka ijikwa mmụba nke mkpofu polima. Mmezi na nhazi na nhazi nke mkpofu plastik nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mbọ a.
Mmechi
Mmepụta ihe mgbakwunye na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'imepụta ọtụtụ ihe eji emepụta ihe nke na-akwado ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Site na plastik na roba ruo na eriri ákwà, usoro a na-eme ka mmepụta ihe dị irè ma dị ọnụ ala. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-eche ụfọdụ ihe ịma aka ihu, ọganihu na teknụzụ na nyocha nwere ike imeri ihe mgbochi ndị a ma mee ka uru nke njikọta ihe dịkwuo elu. Site na mmepe ngwa na nhazi usoro na-aga n'ihu, njikọta ihe mgbakwunye ga-anọgide na-abụ ihe dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ na mmepụta ihe, na-akwado mgbanwe na obodo na-adịgide adịgide.
