Ụdị Polymers: Ụdị Ihe Dị Iche Iche Na-agbanwe Ụwa
Polymers bụ ihe mejupụtara nke nnukwu molekul e ji emezi obere molekul a na-akpọ monomers. Polymers na-abịa n'ọtụtụ ụdị ma nwee ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe dị iche iche. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha ụdị polima ndị a na-ahụkarị, otu ha si arụ ọrụ, na ojiji ha na ndụ kwa ụbọchị.
Polymers eke na nke sịntetik
Enwere ike kewaa polima n'ụdị abụọ: polima eke na polima eke. Polima eke bụ ndị a na-ahụ n'okike, ebe polima eke bụ ndị a na-emepụta site na usoro kemịkalụ na ụlọ nyocha ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
Polymers eke
A na-ahụ polima eke n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee nke mmadụ ji mee ihe ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ dị mkpa nke polima eke bụ:
1. Cellulose: Polymer a a na-ahụ n'ime mgbidi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe mejupụtara ya kachasị n'ụwa. A na-eji cellulose eme akwụkwọ, katọn, na ụfọdụ ákwà.
2. Keratin: A na-ahụ polima protein a n'ime ajị anụmanụ, mbọ, na mpi. Njirimara ya siri ike ma na-adịgide adịgide na-eme ka keratin bụrụ ihe dị mkpa maka nhazi.
3. Rọba eke: A na-enweta ya site na mmiri nke osisi rọba (Hevea brasiliensis), rọba eke nwere ike ịgbatị ahụ nke ukwuu, a na-ejikwa ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere taya na ngwa ahụike.
4. Asịd Nucleic (DNA na RNA): Polymers ndị na-echekwa ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe dị ndụ. Ha nwere nucleotides ndị na-emepụta ogologo usoro nke molekul.
Polymers sịntetik
Ka teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu, polima sịntetik aghọọla akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ụfọdụ ụdị polima sịntetik a na-ahụkarị bụ:
1. Polyethylene (PE): Otu n'ime polima ndị a na-emepụtakarị n'ụwa. A na-eji ya eme akpa plastik, karama, na ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ kwa ụbọchị.
2. Polypropylene (PP): Nwere ike na iguzogide kemịkal. A na-eji ya eme ihe dị iche iche dịka ihe eji echekwa nri, ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka, na ngwa ụlọ.
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A na-eji polima a eme paịpụ, waya eletriki, na ihe owuwu ndị ọzọ. Ọ naghị anabata mmiri na ọkụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
4. Polystyrene (PS): A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ịmepụta ihe e ji echekwa nri, ngwa eji arụ ụlọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-eji kwa ụbọchị.
5. Polyamide (Naịlọn): A maara ya maka ike ya na [iguzogide nchacha](. E jiri Naịlọn mee ihe mbụ dị ka ihe nnọchi anya silk na parachute, e mesịa jiri ya mee ihe n'uwe na ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
Polymers Thermoplastic na Thermosetting
Tinyere nhazi ha bụ isi, enwere ike ịmata polima site n'otú ha si emeghachi omume na okpomọkụ. E nwere ụdị isi abụọ: thermoplastics na thermosets.
Thermoplastic
Polymers Thermoplastic na-agbaze mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ ma sie ike ọzọ mgbe a jụrụ ha oyi. Ihe a na-eme ka ha dị mfe ịmegharị. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke polima thermoplastic bụ:
1. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS): A na-eji ya eme ihe eji egwuri egwu, akụkụ ụgbọala, na ngwa kichin. A maara ihe a maka ike na nkwụsi ike ya.
2. Polycarbonate (PC): A na-eji ya eme enyo anya, CD, na ihe ndị e ji eletrọnịkị rụọ. Polycarbonate nwere nnukwu nghọta na iguzogide mmetụta.
Thermoset
A naghị agbaze polima Thermoset mgbe emechara kpo oku ma sie ike mbụ. Ha na-etolite usoro siri ike ma sie ike. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke polima thermosetting bụ:
1. Bakelite: Otu n'ime polima thermosetting mbụ e mepụtara. A na-eji ya eme ihe na ihe ndị dị n'ime eletriki, swiichi, na ihe ndị na-ejide ite n'ihi na ọ nwere ezigbo ihe mkpuchi eletriki.
2. Epoxy: A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ihe ndị e ji agwakọta ihe, ihe mkpuchi nchebe, na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe. A maara Epoxy maka iguzogide kemịkalụ, okpomọkụ, na ike nrapado ya.
Injinia Polymers
Polymer injinia bụ polima nwere ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ, okpomọkụ, na kemịkalụ. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọrụ ndị chọrọ ka ogologo oge na nkwado dịkwuo elu. Ihe atụ nke polima injinia gụnyere:
1. Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK): Polyether a nwere oke okpomọkụ na oke ike iguzogide kemịkalụ. Ojiji ya gụnyere ihe ndị dị n'ụgbọelu, ngwaọrụ ahụike, na ngwa ụgbọ ala.
2. Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS): A maara ya maka ezigbo iguzogide kemịkalụ na igwe, a na-eji PPS eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọala, eletrọnịkị, na ngwa ụlọ.
Elastomer
Elastomers bụ ụdị polima nwere nnukwu ike ịgbatị ahụ, na-enye ohere ka e nwee nnukwu mgbanwe na-enweghị mgbawa ma ọ bụ gbajie. Elastomers nwere ike ịlaghachi n'ụdị mbụ ha mgbe agbatịchara ha ma ọ bụ gbagọọ ha. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke elastomers bụ:
1. Rọba e ji aka rụọ: Dịka rọba nitrile na rọba silicone, nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ụgbọala, ahụike, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe n'ihi na ha anaghị anabata mmanụ, okpomọkụ, na kemịkalụ.
2. Polyurethane (PU): A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ụdị ụfụfụ, ihe mmado, na ihe mkpuchi. Polyurethane nwere ezigbo iguzogide iyi na mgbanwe.
Ngwakọta Polymer
Ngwakọta polima bụ ihe e ji ejikọta polima na eriri ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche iche iji nweta ihe onwunwe dị elu. Ihe atụ nke ngwakọta polima gụnyere:
1. Eriri Carbon: A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ihe gbasara ụgbọelu, ụgbọ ala, na egwuregwu n'ihi ike dị elu ya na ibu ya dị mfe.
2. Faiba glaasi: A na-eji ya eme ụgbọ mmiri, ihe ndị dị n'ime ụgbọala, na ihe ndị e ji arụ ụlọ.
Polima na-eduzi
Polima ndị na-eduzi ihe bụ polima ndị nwere ike iduzi ọkụ eletrik. A na-eji ha eme ihe na ngwa eletrọniki na ihe mmetụta. Ihe atụ nke polima ndị na-eduzi ihe bụ:
1. Polypyrrole: A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ihe gbasara ihe mmetụta na ihe nchekwa ike.
2. Polyaniline: Bara uru na antenna, ihuenyo mmetụ aka, na ihe eletrọniki na-agbanwe agbanwe.
Mmechi
Polymers bụ ihe dị mkpa ná ndụ anyị nke oge a. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ anyị, site na uwe na nri ruo na ọgwụ na ọbụna akụkụ teknụzụ dị elu. Site n'ịghọta ụdị polima na ojiji ha nke ọma, anyị nwere ike ịghọta otú ihe ndị a si dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi ụwa nke oge a. Mmepụta ihe ọhụrụ na ngalaba polima na-aga n'ihu, na-ekwe nkwa nchọpụta ọhụrụ nke ihe ndị siri ike, dị mfe, na ndị na-adịghị emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọdịnihu.
