Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya Na-ekwu Maka Mmezi Polymerization Mgbakwunye
Polymerization bụ usoro nke monomers—obere molekul nwere nhazi yiri ya—na-ejikọta iji mepụta molekul buru ibu a na-akpọ polymers. E nwere ụdị polymerization abụọ bụ isi: polymerization mgbakwunye na polymerization condensation. Isiokwu a ga-atụle otu n'ime ụdị ndị a, polymerization mgbakwunye, na-elekwasị anya na ihe atụ na mkparịta ụka iji nye nghọta miri emi nke echiche a.
Ịghọta Mgbakwunye Polymerization
Mmeziwanye njikọta bụ usoro nke monomers na-ejikọta na-enweghị mkpụkọ obere dịka mmiri ma ọ bụ HCl. Monoma ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na mgbakwunye njikọta bụ alkenes na alkenes polarized, nke nwere njikọ abụọ nke carbon-carbon (C=C). Mgbe monomers ndị a meghachiri omume, njikọ abụọ ahụ na-agbaji, na-enye ohere ka monomers jikọọ ọnụ n'ime agbụ ogologo.
Ihe atụ nke polima ndị e mepụtara site na mgbakwunye polima gụnyere polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), na polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Polima ndị a niile dị mkpa n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ihi ike ha, nkwụsi ike ha, na ọtụtụ ojiji ha.
Usoro Mmezi Polymerization Mgbakwunye
Enwere ike kewaa usoro mgbakwunye polymerization n'ime usoro atọ dị mkpa:
1. Mmalite: Ogbo ebe a na-emepụta radicals ma ọ bụ ion ndị nwere onwe ha iji malite mmeghachi omume ahụ.
2. Mgbasa: Ogbo ebe monomers na-aga n'ihu na-ejikọta ọnụ iji mepụta agbụ ígwè dị ogologo.
3. Nkwụsị: Ogbo ebe mmeghachi omume ahụ kwụsịrị n'ihi na agbụ abụọ nwere nnwere onwe na-ejikọta ọnụ ma ọ bụ ndị nwere nnwere onwe na-ezute ihe na-egbochi ya.
Iji mee ka o doo anya nke ọma, lee mkparịta ụka nke ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke ajụjụ gbasara itinye polymerization.
Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ihe Nlereanya
Ajụjụ nke 1: Mmezi nke Polyethylene
Ajụjụ: Kọwaa usoro mgbakwunye nke ethylene (C2H4) iji mepụta polyethylene (PE), tinyekwa usoro mmeghachi omume nke na-eme.
Mkparịta ụka:
- Mmalite:
Enwere ike ịmalite site na iji ihe na-akpali akpali ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-akpali akpali. Ka anyị were ya na anyị na-eji ihe ndị na-akpali akpali dịka benzoyl peroxide (C14H10O4) nwere ike iwepụta ihe ndị na-akpali akpali mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ.
\[
C14H10O4 \rightarrow 2C6H5COO^{\cdot}
\]
- Mgbasa ozi:
Ndị a ga-awakpo njikọ abụọ dị na monomer ethylene, na-emepụta radicals ọhụrụ nke nwere ike ịnọgide na-awakpo monomer na-esote.
\[
R^{\cdot} + CH2=CH2 \akara aka nri R-CH2-CH2^{\cdot}
\]
Na-esote, ihe ndị na-akpata mgbanwe dị na njedebe nke agbụ ahụ ga-anọgide na-agbakwunye ethylene monomers ka agbụ ahụ wee dị ogologo.
\[
R-CH2-CH2^{\cdot} + nCH2=CH2 \akara aka nri R-(CH2-CH2)_n^{\cdot}
\]
– Nkwụsị:
Nkwụsị nwere ike ime site na njikọta nke agbụ ígwè abụọ ma ọ bụ site na mmeghachi omume n'etiti radicals na ihe mgbochi.
\[
R-(CH2-CH2)_n^{\cdot} + R-(CH2-CH2)_m^{\cdot} \rightarrow R-(CH2-CH2)_{n+m}-R
\]
Nsonaazụ ikpeazụ bụ polyethylene (PE), polima a na-emepụta site na ijikọta ọtụtụ ethylene monomers (\(n\) ethylene).
Ajụjụ nke 2: Mmezi nke Polystyrene
Ajụjụ: Ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ chọrọ imepụta polima site na monomer styrene (C8H8). Kọwaa mmeghachi omume polymerization nke na-eme ma dee nhazi nke polystyrene.
Mkparịta ụka:
- Mmalite:
Dịka ọ dị na polyethylene, a chọrọ free radicals iji malite mmeghachi omume ahụ. Ka anyị kwuo na anyị na-eji peroxide radicals.
\[
ROOR \akara aka nri 2RO^{\cdot}
\]
- Mgbasa ozi:
Ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-akpata nsogbu na-awakpo monomers styrene nke nwere njikọ abụọ nke carbon-carbon.
\[
RO^{\cdot} + C6H5-CH=CH2 \akara aka nri RO-C6H5-CH^{\cdot}-CH3
\]
Usoro mgbasa ozi ga-eme ka ndị a na-akpata ọgba aghara gaa n'ihu na-awakpo monomers styrene ndị ọzọ.
\[
RO-C6H5-CH^{\cdot}-CH3 + n(C6H5-CH=CH2) \rightarrow RO-(C6H5-CH-CH2)_n-C6H5-CH^{\cdot}-CH3
\]
– Nkwụsị:
Nkwụsị na-eme mgbe agbụ ígwè polymer abụọ dị ike zutere.
\[
RO-(C6H5-CH-CH2)_n^{\cdot} + RO-(C6H5-CH-CH2)_m^{\cdot} \rightarrow RO-(C6H5-CH-CH2)_{n+m}-RO
\]
Ọdịdị polystyrene (PS) nke si na ya pụta bụ ogologo agbụ ígwè nke nwere otu monomer styrene ugboro ugboro.
Ajụjụ nke 3: Mmezi nke Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Ajụjụ: Kọwaa njikọta nke monomer vinyl chloride (C2H3Cl), ma nye ihe atụ nke ojiji nke polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Mkparịta ụka:
- Mmalite:
Dịka ihe atụ gara aga, a na-esi na peroxide emepụta radicals efu.
\[
ROOR \akara aka nri 2R-O^{\cdot}
\]
- Mgbasa ozi:
Ndị na-akpata nsogbu n'efu na-awakpo njikọ abụọ dị na monomers vinyl chloride.
\[
RO^{\cdot} + CH2=CHCl \akara aka nri RO-CH2-CHCl^{\cdot}
\]
Mgbasa na-aga n'ihu na nkeji monomer na-ejikọta iji gbasaa agbụ ahụ.
\[
RO-CH2-CHCl^{\cdot} + nCH2=CHCl \rightarrow RO-(CH2-CHCl)_n^{\cdot}
\]
– Nkwụsị:
Nkwụsị na-eme mgbe agbụ abụọ dị egwu jikọrọ aka.
\[
RO-(CH2-CHCl)_n^{\cdot} + RO-(CH2-CHCl)_m^{\cdot} \rightarrow RO-(CH2-CHCl)_{n+m}-RO
\]
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bụ polima a na-emepụta ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dịka paịpụ mmiri, waya eletriki, na ngwaahịa plastik ndị ọzọ.
Mmechi
Mmepụta polymerization bụ usoro kemịkal dị mkpa nke gụnyere njikọta nke monomers na-enweghị mwepụta nke obere molekul. Ịghọta usoro na mmeghachi omume nke polymerization mgbakwunye, dị ka ndị a na-ahụ na polyethylene, polystyrene, na PVC, na-enyere anyị aka ịmụta ma tinye ihe ọmụma a n'ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Site na ihe atụ na mkparịta ụka ndị a, anyị nwere ike ịghọta nke ọma usoro na ngwaahịa sitere na polymerization mgbakwunye, yana ojiji ya bara uru nke na-emetụta teknụzụ na ndụ ọgbara ọhụrụ.
