Usoro Mmepụta Mmamịrị Site n'Akụrụ: Usoro Dị Mkpa Maka Idobe Ndozi Ahụ́
Ahụ mmadụ bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya ma dịkwa mma nke na-adabere na ọtụtụ usoro physiological iji nọgide na-enwe homeostasis ma kwalite ahụike zuru oke. N'ime usoro ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya, mmepụta mmamịrị site na akụrụ na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịsachapụ ihe mkpofu, ịnọgide na-enwe nguzozi mmiri na electrolyte, na ịchịkwa ọbara mgbali elu. Akụrụ, akụkụ abụọ dị ka agwa dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke azụ azụ dị n'okpuru oghere ọgịrịga, na-eji usoro nlezianya na ọtụtụ nzọụkwụ iji mepụta mmamịrị. Isiokwu a na-enyocha usoro nhazi mmamịrị, na-enyocha usoro dị mkpa ya na ụkpụrụ physiological dị n'okpuru ya.
Ọdịdị nke Akụrụ
Tupu anyị enyocha usoro mmepụta mmamịrị, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta usoro nhazi akụrụ. Akụrụ ọ bụla nwere cortex mpụta na medulla dị n'ime. N'ime mpaghara ndị a, ọtụtụ nde obere ihe nzacha a na-akpọ nephrons na-arụ ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya metụtara mmepụta mmamịrị. nephron nwere usoro atọ bụ isi: glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, na renal tubule. Ihe ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ kpọmkwem n'ịsa ọbara na imepụta mmamịrị.
Usoro Nhagharị Mmamịrị n'ọtụtụ nzọụkwụ
Usoro mmepụta mmamịrị site na akụrụ gụnyere usoro atọ dị mkpa: nzacha glomerular, nnabata tubular, na mwepụ nke tubular. Nkebi nke ọ bụla gụnyere usoro dị iche iche nke ahụ ma na-enyere aka na ikike akụrụ iji sachaa ọbara ma mepụta mmamịrị nke ọma.
1. Nzacha Glomerular
Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ịmepụta mmamịrị bụ nzacha glomerular, ebe a na-enyocha ọbara na mbụ n'ime akụrụ corpuscle, nke mejupụtara glomerulus na Bowman's capsule. Glomerulus bụ netwọk nke capillaries nwere mgbidi oghere, na-ekwe ka ụfọdụ ihe na-agafe ebe ọ na-egbochi nnukwu molekul dị ka protein na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ịbanye na filtrate. Usoro a na-akpali site na ọbara mgbali elu, na-amanye mmiri na ihe ndị na-agbaze na glomerulus wee banye na capsule Bowman.
Ihe nzacha a na-esi na ya apụta, nke a maara dị ka glomerular filtrate, nwere mmiri, electrolytes, glucose, amino acid, na ihe mkpofu dịka urea na creatinine. Na nkezi, ihe dị ka lita 180 nke filtrate ka akụrụ na-emepụta kwa ụbọchị. Agbanyeghị, naanị obere akụkụ nke olu a na-emecha dị ka mmamịrị, nke na-egosi arụmọrụ nke ọrụ reabsorptive na secretory nke akụrụ.
2. Mweghachi Tubular
Ozugbo nzacha glomerular mere, filtrate ahụ na-abanye na tubule renal, nke mejupụtara tubule proximal convoluted (PCT), loop nke Henle, tubule distal convoluted (DCT), na ọkpọkọ nchịkọta. Mweghachi tubular bụ nke abụọ nke mmepụta mmamịrị, nke a na-amịkọrọ ihe ndị dị mkpa na mmiri site na filtrate ma weghachite n'ọbara. Usoro a na-eme ka a na-echekwa ihe bara uru ebe a na-ewepụ ihe mkpofu.
– Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Ọtụtụ n'ime reabsorption na-eme na PCT. N'ebe a, ihe dị ka 65-70% nke mmiri na sodium ion, tinyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ glucose na amino acid niile, ka a na-amịghachi n'ọrụ na n'enweghị nsogbu. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ebuga na ọwa na-eme ka reabsorption na PCT dị mfe, na-ahụ na e weghachitere ihe oriri na electrolytes dị mkpa nke ọma.
– Mkpọchi Henle: Mkpọchi Henle, nke nwere akụkụ na-agbadata na akụkụ na-arịgo elu, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkọwa mmamịrị. Akụkụ na-agbadata na-abanye na mmiri mana ọ bụghị na mmiri na-agbaze, na-enye ohere ka mmiri banyeghachi site na osmosis. N'aka nke ọzọ, akụkụ na-arịgo elu anaghị abanye na mmiri mana ọ na-ebuga sodium, potassium, na chloride ion n'ime filtrate, na-enye aka na mmepụta nke hyperosmotic medullary interstitium.
– Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Mgbe filtrate ahụ rutere DCT, ọ banyelarị n'ọkwa dị ukwuu. DCT na-emezi nhazi elektrọlitị na nhazi pH n'okpuru mmetụta nke homonụ dịka aldosterone na parathyroid hormone. A na-amịkọrọ sodium ion n'ọnọdụ potassium na hydrogen ion, na-eme ka nguzozi acid dị mfe.
– Ọwara Ịnakọta: Ọwara ịnakọta na-eje ozi dị ka akụkụ ikpeazụ ebe a na-agbanwegharị mmiri ọzọ dịka ọnọdụ mmiri si dị n'ahụ. Hormone antidiuretic (ADH) na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa ebe a, na-achịkwa ikike nke ọwara ịnakọta na mmiri. Mmụba ọkwa ADH na-eduga n'ịmịghachi mmiri ọzọ, na-ebute mmamịrị gbakọtara agwakọta, ebe mbelata ọkwa ADH na-emepụta mmamịrị gbawara agbawa.
3. Mmịpụta Tubular
Nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke mmepụta mmamịrị bụ mwepụta tubular. Usoro a gụnyere ibuga ihe ndị a na-achọghị ma ọ bụ ndị gabigara ókè site na ọbara gaa na tubular akụrụ. Mmịpụta tubular na-enye akụrụ ohere ịchịkwa ọkwa ọbara nke ion dị iche iche, na-eme ka nguzozi acid dị, ma wepụ ọgwụ na nsí.
– Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): PCT na-arụkwa ọrụ na mmepụta nke tubular, ọkachasị na mmepụta nke organic acids na bases, dịka hydrogen ion, ammonia, na ụfọdụ ọgwụ.
– Tubule Distal Convoluted (DCT) na Ọwara Ịnakọta Ihe: DCT na ọwara ịchịkọta ihe na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke ion hydrogen na ion potassium ndị ọzọ, na-enye aka na nhazi pH ọbara na nguzozi potassium.
Iwu nke Nhazi Mmamịrị
Akụrụ nwere ike ịmepụta mmamịrị ma nọgide na-enwe homeostasis nke ọma site na usoro homonụ na akwara ozi. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị mkpa dị na iwu a gụnyere:
– Mmiri Antidiuretic (ADH): ADH nke gland pituitary nke dị n'azụ na-ewepụta, na-eme ka mmiri na-abanyeghachi n'ime ọkpọkọ ndị na-anakọta ihe, si otú a na-etinye mmamịrị n'ime ya ma na-ebelata mfu mmiri.
– Aldosterone: Aldosterone nke gland adrenal na-emepụta, na-akwalite mmịpụta sodium na mwepụ potassium na DCT na ọkpọkọ nchịkọta, na-emetụta njigide mmiri na nguzozi electrolyte.
– Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): ANP na-egbochi mmịpụta sodium, nke na-eduga n'ịbawanye mmamịrị ma belata olu ọbara.
mmechi
Usoro mmepụta mmamịrị site na akụrụ bụ usoro dị oke mkpa ma dị mkpa nke na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi nke ahụ guzosie ike ma ghara inwe ihe mkpofu na-emerụ ahụ. Site n'ịsa ọbara nke ọma, ịmịkọrọ ihe bara uru, na ịhọpụta ihe ndị a na-achọghị, akụrụ na-edobe nguzozi mmiri na electrolyte, na-achịkwa ọbara mgbali elu, ma na-akwado homeostasis zuru oke. Ịghọta usoro dị mgbagwoju anya a na-enye nghọta bara uru banyere ọrụ dị mkpa akụrụ na-arụ n'ịkwalite ahụike na ọdịmma.
