Cov Khoom ntawm Colloids: Cov Xwm Txheej thiab Cov Ntawv Thov
Ib lub colloid yog ib lub tshuab uas cov khoom me me tau faib sib npaug zos hauv lwm qhov chaw. Txawm hais tias lawv zoo li homogeneous, colloids yog cov sib xyaw heterogeneous nrog cov khoom me me uas muaj qhov loj ntawm 1 txog 1000 nanometers. Qhov xwm txheej no yog qhov nthuav vim tias colloids ruaj khov thiab tsis yooj yim poob, tsis zoo li cov khoom ncua, qhov twg cov khoom loj tuaj yeem poob dhau sijhawm. Tsab xov xwm no yuav tshawb nrhiav cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm colloids thiab muab kev nkag siab rau lawv cov ntawv thov hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev lag luam.
Hom Colloids
Ua ntej yuav nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov colloids, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nkag siab txog ntau hom colloids ua ntej. Raws li theem dispersed thiab dispersing medium, colloids tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau hom, uas yog:
1. Sol: Ib qho colloid uas muaj cov khoom khov uas tawg ua kua (piv txwv li: xim, kua mem).
2. Aerosol: Colloid uas muaj cov kua los yog cov khoom khov uas tawg ua pa (piv txwv li: pos huab, pa luam yeeb).
3. Emulsion: Ib qho colloid uas muaj cov kua uas yaj rau hauv ib qho kua (piv txwv li: mis nyuj, mayonnaise).
4. Gel: Ib qho colloid uas nws cov theem dispersed yog ib qho khoom khov uas nyob hauv ib qho kua nruab nrab (piv txwv li: agar-agar, gelatin).
5. Ua Npuas Ncauj: Ib qho colloid uas muaj cov roj uas tawg ua kua (piv txwv li: ua npuas xab npum).
Cov Khoom ntawm Colloids
1. Cov nyhuv Tyndall
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm colloids yog Tyndall effect. Qhov Tyndall effect tshwm sim thaum lub teeb ntsib cov khoom me me colloidal thiab tawg los ntawm lawv, tsim cov kev pom lub teeb. Qhov xwm txheej no tsis tshwm sim hauv cov tshuaj tiag tiag, qhov twg cov khoom me me uas yaj me me uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem tawg lub teeb.
Qhov Tyndall Effect yog qhov laj thawj uas peb pom tau lub hnub ci los ntawm pos huab lossis saib txoj kev ntawm lub teeb hauv chav uas muaj plua plav los ntawm lub qhov rais qhib. Vim yog qhov xwm txheej no, qhov Tyndall Effect kuj tseem siv hauv chav kuaj mob los txheeb xyuas seb qhov sib tov puas yog colloid lossis tsis yog.
2. Kev txav ntawm Brownian
Kev txav Brownian yog kev txav zigzag ntawm cov khoom me me colloidal uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog cov molecule ntawm cov khoom sib kis. Kev txav no tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Robert Brown hauv xyoo 1827 thaum kawm txog paj ntoos uas tawg hauv dej. Kev txav Brownian ua kom muaj kev ruaj khov ntawm cov colloids, tiv thaiv cov khoom me me kom tsis txhob poob vim yog lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.
Qhov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv lub tshuab microscope thiab muab pov thawj tias cov khoom colloidal sib cuam tshuam tas li nrog lawv cov khoom nruab nrab dispersing.
3. Kev nqus dej
Kev nqus yog ib qho xwm txheej uas cov khoom me me colloidal nyiam thiab khaws cov molecules lossis ions tshwj xeeb rau ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Cov yam ntxwv no ua rau cov colloids ua haujlwm tau zoo heev hauv kev ntxuav dej, kev kho dej, thiab ntau lwm yam kev siv. Piv txwv li, cov pa roj carbon activated yog cov colloids siv hauv cov lim dej los nqus cov khoom tsis huv thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm dej.
Kev nqus tau ntawm cov khoom me me colloidal kuj tseem tuaj yeem pab tau rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, xws li hauv kev tsim tshuaj uas xav tau kev tswj hwm kev tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj nquag hauv lub cev.
4. Colloidal Squirt
Colloidal sputtering yog ib qho xwm txheej uas cov khoom me me uas muaj nqi zoo sib xws thawb rau ib leeg, ua rau muaj kev sib kis ruaj khov heev. Cov khoom me me uas muaj nqi zoo lossis tsis zoo, thiab cov zog repulsive ntawm lawv tiv thaiv lawv kom tsis txhob sib sau ua ke.
Qhov no yog qhov laj thawj tom qab qee hom colloids ruaj khov heev. Piv txwv li, hauv tib neeg lub cev, cov protein ntshav plasma yog cov colloids uas tiv thaiv cov ntshav kom tsis txhob khov thiab tswj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntshav ncig.
5. Kev sib xyaw ua ke
Kev sib xyaw ua ke yog cov txheej txheem uas cov khoom me me sib xyaw ua ke los ua cov khoom loj dua, uas thaum kawg tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke lossis sib cais ntawm cov khoom sib kis. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau tshwm sim thaum lub zog ntawm cov khoom me me colloidal raug tshem tawm, los ntawm electrolyte lossis lwm yam tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam txheej txheem kev lag luam thiab cov thev naus laus zis kho dej khib nyiab kom cais cov colloids ntawm cov dej khib nyiab. Kev sib xyaw ua ke kuj tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov dej haus xws li npias thiab kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj tsis xav tau.
6. Kev ntxuav ntshav
Kev ntxuav ntshav yog ib txoj kev siv los cais cov khoom me me uas muaj cov tshuaj colloidal los ntawm cov ions me me lossis cov molecule uas tawg los ntawm ib daim nyias nyias uas nkag tau yooj yim. Cov txheej txheem no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam biochemical thiab tshuaj rau kev ntxuav cov protein thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv lub cev uas tawg hauv cov tshuaj colloidal.
Kev ntxuav ntshav kuj tseem hu ua ib txoj kev kho mob rau cov neeg mob uas muaj teeb meem raum, qhov twg lub tshuab ntxuav ntshav yuav ua haujlwm ntawm lub raum los lim cov ntshav ntawm cov tshuaj lom thiab cov ions tsis tsim nyog.
7. Kev siv hluav taws xob
Electrophoresis yog hais txog kev txav ntawm cov khoom me me uas muaj nqi hauv lub teb hluav taws xob. Cov khoom me me yuav txav mus rau lub electrode nrog qhov them rov qab. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau siv hauv biochemistry thiab molecular biology los cais thiab tshuaj xyuas cov molecules loj xws li DNA, RNA, thiab cov protein raws li lawv qhov them thiab qhov loj.
Gel electrophoresis yog ib qho ntawm cov ntawv thov paub zoo tshaj plaws, qhov twg cov khoom me me raug cais tawm hauv gel raws li lawv cov nqi thiab lub zog hluav taws xob raug siv.
Cov Ntawv Thov Colloid
Raws li cov khoom uas tau tham txog, cov colloids nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam ntawm lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev lag luam. Qee qhov kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov colloids yog raws li nram no:
1. Kev Kho Dej
Cov khoom me me uas muaj colloidal yog siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem kho dej kom tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv thiab cov tshuaj lom. Kev nqus thiab kev coagulation yog ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb uas siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm colloids los ntxuav dej.
2. Tsev Muag Tshuaj
Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, cov colloids feem ntau siv ua lub hauv paus rau cov tshuaj cuav vim lawv qhov ruaj khov thiab muaj peev xwm khaws cia thiab tso tawm cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv txoj kev ntsuas tau. Cov emulsions thiab gels Colloidal kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev, tshuaj pleev, thiab tshuaj pleev.
3. Kev Lag Luam Khoom Noj
Hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, cov colloids ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom. Mis nyuj, mis nyuj yogurt, mayonnaise, thiab jelly yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom uas yog cov kab ke colloidal. Qhov ruaj khov thiab sib xws ntawm cov khoom no nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov colloids.
4. Tshuaj pleev ib ce
Cov khoom siv zoo nkauj xws li tshuaj pleev, tshuaj pleev, thiab tshuaj zawv plaub hau yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov thev naus laus zis colloidal. Kev ruaj khov ntawm emulsion thiab kev tswj hwm kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag yog cov laj thawj tseem ceeb uas colloids siv dav hauv cov khoom siv zoo nkauj.
5. Kev siv tshuab nano
Nanotechnology siv cov khoom ntawm colloids los tsim cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb heev. Cov hlau colloids lossis nanoparticles yog siv rau hauv cov sensors, catalysts, thiab ntau yam kev siv high-tech.
Xaus
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov colloids ua rau lawv muaj ntau yam tshwm sim hauv kev tshuaj lom neeg lub cev, thiab lawv cov kev siv tau ntau yam. Txij li kev kho dej thiab tshuaj mus rau zaub mov thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce, cov colloids tau ua pov thawj tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam ntawm lub neej thiab kev lag luam. Kev nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov colloids qhib lub qhov rooj rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntawv thov tshiab thiab txuas ntxiv kev tsim kho tshiab hauv ntau qhov chaw.
